The Effects of Opiates, Sedative—Hypnotics, Amphetamines, Cannabis, and Other Psychoactive Drugs on the Fetus and Newborn

Finnegan, Loretta P.; Fehr, Kevin O’Brien

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7737-9_17

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 181 publications

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“…This phenomenon is very well known with respect to female heroin addicts (Finnegan & Fehr, 1980), but it has also been observed in women addicted to opium smoking or to paregoric and other oral preparations (Hubbard, 1881;Terry & Pellens, 1928;Challier & Lame, 1987). This phenomenon is very well known with respect to female heroin addicts (Finnegan & Fehr, 1980), but it has also been observed in women addicted to opium smoking or to paregoric and other oral preparations (Hubbard, 1881;Terry & Pellens, 1928;Challier & Lame, 1987).…”

Section: Routes Of Admiaistradon and Dosagementioning

confidence: 78%

“…The neonatal withdrawal syndrome can be seen opium revisited: a brief reviea 273 in newborn infants whose mothers were using opiates during the later part of pregnancy. This phenomenon is very well known with respect to female heroin addicts (Finnegan & Fehr, 1980), but it has also been observed in women addicted to opium smoking or to paregoric and other oral preparations (Hubbard, 1881;Terry & Pellens, 1928;Challier & Lame, 1987). The problem of the opiate withdrawal reaction is much more severe in the infant than in adults, and can be fatal in newboms if not treated promptly (Finnegan & Fehr, 1980).…”

Section: Chronic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…This phenomenon is very well known with respect to female heroin addicts (Finnegan & Fehr, 1980), but it has also been observed in women addicted to opium smoking or to paregoric and other oral preparations (Hubbard, 1881;Terry & Pellens, 1928;Challier & Lame, 1987). The problem of the opiate withdrawal reaction is much more severe in the infant than in adults, and can be fatal in newboms if not treated promptly (Finnegan & Fehr, 1980). Unusual chronic effects attributable to the manner of administration, or to certain contaminants in opium, have been described more recently.…”

Section: Chronic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 78%

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Opium revisited: a brief review of its nature, composition, non-medical use and relative risks

Kalant¹

1997

Addiction

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Unlike the pure opioids such as morphine and heroin, opium is a complex and variable mixture of substances reflecting differences in both the starting material and the traditional practices of the regions in which it is produced. Analytical methods have improved greatly in recent years, to the point that the source of a preparation can often be identified by its opioid content and its impurities. Daily amounts used, both by smoking and by mouth, vary widely from less than a gram to 30 g, equivalent to 75-3000 mg of morphine. The effects of opium are essentially those of morphine but unexpected toxicities, such as oesophageal cancer associated with "dross opium" and polyneuropathy due to deliberate addition of arsenic, are problems in some specific regions. Prevalence of use in different areas and countries is governed by the same factors of ease of availability, price and social acceptance that apply to the use of alcohol and other drugs in western countries. The risk of addiction to opium smoking appears to be somewhat less than to parenteral use of heroin, but appreciably greater than to alcohol. Even in countries where its use is traditional, opium smoking carries substantial risks of harm to health and social functioning.

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Section: Routes Of Admiaistradon and Dosagementioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Chronic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…This phenomenon is very well known with respect to female heroin addicts (Finnegan & Fehr, 1980), but it has also been observed in women addicted to opium smoking or to paregoric and other oral preparations (Hubbard, 1881;Terry & Pellens, 1928;Challier & Lame, 1987). The problem of the opiate withdrawal reaction is much more severe in the infant than in adults, and can be fatal in newboms if not treated promptly (Finnegan & Fehr, 1980). Unusual chronic effects attributable to the manner of administration, or to certain contaminants in opium, have been described more recently.…”

Section: Chronic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 78%

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Opium revisited: a brief review of its nature, composition, non-medical use and relative risks

Kalant¹

1997

Addiction

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“…Over the last 30 years there has been a marked increase in cannabis use in developed countries including Europe, Great Britain, the USA and Australasia 1 . The increase in cannabis use has, in turn, raised questions about the extent to which cannabis may have harmful physical or psychological effects 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal use of cannabis and pregnancy outcome

Fergusson

2002

BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology

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Objective To document the prevalence of cannabis use in a large sample of British women studied during pregnancy, to determine the association between cannabis use and social and lifestyle factors and assess any independent effects on pregnancy outcome. Design Self-completed questionnaire on use of cannabis before and during pregnancy.Sample Over 12,000 women expecting singletons at 18 to 20 weeks of gestation who were enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood. Methods Any association with the use of cannabis before and during pregnancy with pregnancy outcome was examined, taking into account potentially confounding factors including maternal social background and other substance use during pregnancy. Main outcome measures Late fetal and perinatal death, special care admission of the newborn infant, birthweight, birth length and head circumference. Results Five percent of mothers reported smoking cannabis before and/or during pregnancy; they were younger, of lower parity, better educated and more likely to use alcohol, cigarettes, coffee, tea and hard drugs. Cannabis use during pregnancy was unrelated to risk of perinatal death or need for special care, but, the babies of women who used cannabis at least once per week before and throughout pregnancy were 216g lighter than those of non-users, had significantly shorter birth lengths and smaller head circumferences. After adjustment for confounding factors, the association between cannabis use and birthweight failed to be statistically significant ( P ¼ 0.056 ) and was clearly non-linear: the adjusted mean birthweights for babies of women using cannabis at least once per week before and throughout pregnancy were 90g lighter than the offspring of other women. No significant adjusted effects were seen for birth length and head circumference. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that the use of cannabis during pregnancy was not associated with increased risk of perinatal mortality or morbidity in this sample. However, frequent and regular use of cannabis throughout pregnancy may be associated with small but statistically detectable decrements in birthweight.

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“…However, heroin use during pregnancy is associated with low birthweight, small head circumference, and increased neonatal and perinatal mortality (Chasnoff 1988;Little et al 1990Little et al , 1991Kandall and Gaines 1991;Sumner et al 1993;Eyler and Behnke 1999). Withdrawal symptoms may also develop in 40 to 80% of the newborn infants (Finnegan andFehr 1989, Levy andKoren 1990) and a high incidence of sudden infant death has been reported (Kandall and Gaines 1991).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental outcome of school‐age children born to mothers with heroin dependency: importance of environmental factors

Ornoy

Segal

Bar-Hamburger³

et al. 2001

Develop Med Child Neuro

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Development of children aged 5 to 12 years born to mothers with heroin dependency raised at home or adopted was studied in comparison with: (1) children with environmental deprivation alone (i.e. low parental socioeconomic status [SES] and evidence of neglect), (2) children born to fathers with heroin dependency fathers, and (3) control individuals of average SES. One hundred and sixty children (84 males and 76 females; average age at examination 8 years) were evaluated between 1998 and 1999. All were attending mainstream schools. All participants were examined by a paediatrician and a psychologist using standard neurological and psychological age‐appropriate tests, as well as tests and questionnaires to assess learning ability and attention span. The Conners and Achenbach questionnaires and the Pollack Taper test were used to assess possible presence of attention‐deficit‐hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Mothers were assessed for ADHD using Wender's questionnaire. Children born to parents with heroin dependency raised at home and those of low SES exhibited intellectual impairment both on verbal and performance skills. They also had impaired reading and arithmetic skills. Children born to mothers with heroin dependency but who were adopted at a young age had normal intellectual and learning abilities, except for some reduced function on the performance Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children‐Revised. We found a high rate of ADHD among all children born to parents with heroin dependency, including those adopted, as well as in children with low parental SES. The highest rate of ADHD was in children born to mothers with heroin dependency raised at home, being twice that observed in the other groups. Mothers of these groups of children also had a high rate of ADHD.

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The Effects of Opiates, Sedative—Hypnotics, Amphetamines, Cannabis, and Other Psychoactive Drugs on the Fetus and Newborn

Cited by 9 publications

References 181 publications

Opium revisited: a brief review of its nature, composition, non-medical use and relative risks

Opium revisited: a brief review of its nature, composition, non-medical use and relative risks

Maternal use of cannabis and pregnancy outcome

Developmental outcome of school‐age children born to mothers with heroin dependency: importance of environmental factors

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