The Effects of Nuclear Weapons

Glasstone, Samuel; Dolan, Philip J.

doi:10.21236/ada087568

Cited by 570 publications

(419 citation statements)

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“…The thermal energy emission rate and the emitted thermal energy due to an explosion of a certain yield; w can be determined from figure 1, while maximum thermal energy that can be reached at a time; t max after the detonation equals: (Glasstone and Dolan , 1977) Taking into consideration that all above calculation are valid for explosions that occur at elevations below 5 Km from the ground where air has sensible density (Glasstone, 2012;DeVolpi et.al, 2004). Also, the thermal exposure (Q) as a result of an aerial nuclear explosion, taking the scattering and absorption through air may be calculated as follows The transmissivity Γ is related to the solid angle between the scattered radiation and its target as shown in figure 2, and the total emitted thermal energy E tot equals:…”

Section: Theoretical Basismentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Thermal Energy Distribution from Low Yield Nuclear Explosions

Abdil-Hasan¹

2017

MAS

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This study is dedicated for the determination of the distribution of thermal energy resulted from different types of a 50-70 KT yield nuclear explosion; surface, aerial, in different locations away from the explosion center and considering the differences in the transmittance factor and visibility conditions that may affect the distribution of thermal energy. The results showed that the majority of released thermal energy occurs during a very short period of time after explosion, and reaches its maximum of 22 KT after about 3.1 sec. Also, it was determined the absence of significant effect for the visibility degree on the value of the total thermal exposure for both types of explosions, and that the thermal exposure due to the surface explosion is about 60% of its value in case of the aerial explosion.

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Section: Theoretical Basismentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Thermal Energy Distribution from Low Yield Nuclear Explosions

Abdil-Hasan¹

2017

MAS

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“…The transmission factor is calculated by a relation from Glasstone and Dolan, who base their work on thermal radiation from a nuclear bomb explosion [Glastone and Dolan 1977].…”

Section: Flame Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidance on risk analysis and safety implications of a large liquefied natural gas (LNG) spill over water.

Report¹,

Hightower²,

Gritzo³

et al. 2004

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While recognized standards exist for the systematic safety analysis of potential spills or releases from LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) storage terminals and facilities on land, no equivalent set of standards or guidance exists for the evaluation of the safety or consequences from LNG spills over water. Heightened security awareness and energy surety issues have increased industry's and the public's attention to these activities. The report reviews several existing studies of LNG spills with respect to their assumptions, inputs, models, and experimental data. Based on this review and further analysis, the report provides guidance on the appropriateness of models, assumptions, and risk management to address public safety and property relative to a potential LNG spill over water. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe authors received technical, programmatic, and editorial support on this project from a number of individuals and organizations both inside and outside Sandia National Laboratories. We would particularly like to express our thanks for their support and guidance in the technical evaluations and development of this report.The U.S. Department of Energy was instrumental in providing coordination, management, and technical direction. Special thanks go to DOE personnel in the Office of Oil and Natural Gas, DOE Office of Fossil Energy, for their help in supporting the modeling, analysis, technical evaluations, and risk guidance efforts.To support the technical analysis required for this project, the authors worked with many organizations, including maritime agencies, LNG industry and ship management agencies, LNG shipping consultants, and government intelligence agencies to collect the background information on ship and LNG cargo tank designs, accident and threat scenarios, and LNG ship safety and risk management operations needed to assess LNG spill safety and risk implications.The following individuals were especially helpful in supporting our efforts, providing information, coordinating contacts, and reviewing technical evaluations. Capt. Dave Scott -U.S. Coast Guard Dr. Robin Pitblado -Det Norske Veritas Eric Linsner -PRONAV Ship Management Mike Edens -Office of Naval Intelligence Richard Hoffmann -Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Chris Zerby -Federal Energy Regulatory CommissionTo help in technically reviewing this report, the DOE commissioned an External Peer Review Panel to evaluate the analyses, conclusions, and recommendations presented. The Peer Review Panel consisted of experts in LNG spill testing and modeling, fire modeling, fire protection, and fire safety and risk management. The panel's comments and suggestions were extremely valuable in improving the technical presentation and organization of the report. The authors would like to thank the following members of the External Peer Review Panel for their valuable comments, suggestions, and directions. 10 TABLES 12 FOREWORDThe Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that domestic natural gas production is expected to increase more slowly th...

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“…The amount arriving at a slant range (miles) is approximated for an airburst [Gibbons, 1966; 1974;Glasstone and Dolan, 1977;Martin and Alger, 19811 by the following:…”

Section: *2•on Formentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recommended values range from a, a = 2.9, 1.9 [DNA EM-l(N), 19741 to a, = 2.0, 1.4 [Brode, 1964;Glasstone and Dolan, 1977]. Figure 1 compares the different forms.…”

Section: *2•on Formentioning

confidence: 99%