The Effects of Material Extrusion Printing Speed on the Electrochemical Activity of Carbon Black/Polylactic Acid Electrodes**

Shergill, Ricoveer Singh; Patel, Bhavik Anil

doi:10.1002/celc.202200831

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(92 reference statements)

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“…As previously shown 18 electrical connection was made by attaching a copper wire using conductive silver epoxy (CircuitWorks) to the CB/PLA cylinders. This was then sealed using a glue gun to form an insulation around the electrode to expose only the disc of the cylinder.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SEM measurements were carried out based on a previously published approach 18 . Briefly, the CB/PLA electrodes were imaged using a Zeiss SIGMA field emission gun SEM equipped with an Everhart–Thornley detector operating in secondary electron detection mode, using 5 kV accelerating voltage, a 20 µm aperture, and 8.1 mm working distance.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Printing parameters affect the architectural structure of the electrode when printed and instrument parameters are variables that influence the extrusion of the carbon thermoplastic filament. Many studies have focused on exploring the influence of printing parameters, where print orientation, printing speed and layer thickness were shown to alter the electrochemical activity of carbon conductive electrodes 11 , 15 – 18 . No studies have investigated the influence of instrument parameters on the electrochemical activity of 3D printed carbon thermoplastic electrodes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of instrument parameters on the electrochemical activity of 3D printed carbon thermoplastic electrodes

Shergill

Miller

Patel

2023

Sci Rep

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Abstract3D printing provides a reliable approach for the manufacture of carbon thermoplastic composite electrochemical sensors. Many studies have explored the impact of printing parameters on the electrochemical activity of carbon thermoplastic electrodes but limited is known about the influence of instrument parameters, which have been shown to alter the structure and mechanical strength of 3D printed thermoplastics. We explored the impact of extruder temperature, nozzle diameter and heated bed temperature on the electrochemical activity of carbon black/poly-lactic acid (CB/PLA) electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were conducted using standard redox probes. The electrode surface and cross-section of the electrode was visualised using scanning electron microscopy. We found that using extruder temperatures of 230 °C and 240 °C improved the electrochemical activity of CB/PLA electrodes, due to an increase in surface roughness and a reduction in the number of voids in-between print layers. Nozzle diameter, heated bed temperature of different 3D printers did not impact the electrochemical activity of CB/PLA electrodes. However high-end printers provide improved batch reproducibility of electrodes. These findings highlight the key instrument parameters that need to be considered when manufacturing carbon thermoplastic composite electrochemical sensors when using 3D printing.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of instrument parameters on the electrochemical activity of 3D printed carbon thermoplastic electrodes

Shergill

Miller

Patel

2023

Sci Rep

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“…The electrochemical performance of electrodes made using commercially available carbon thermoplastic filaments using a 3D printer is poor, where either no electrochemical response or a very large separation between the cathodic and anodic peak potential (Δ E > 400 mV) is observed. − To address this, three major strategies have been utilized. First, the printing parameters such as speed, temperature, and nozzle diameter have been altered, − but this has had a modest improvement on electrode performance. The second approach, which is more widely used, utilizes various postprinting treatments of the electrode. ,,− The most widely used approach is electrochemical treatment, , which aims to remove the thermoplastic on the electrode surface through saponification , and slightly improves the electrochemical response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preprinting Saponification of Carbon Thermoplastic Filaments Provides Ready-to-Use Electrochemical Sensors

Shergill,

Patel

2023

ACS Appl. Electron. Mater.

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Carbon-based electrodes have been impactful in a wide array of applications; however, the balance between electrochemical performance and ease of fabrication is still a major challenge. Three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as a promising solution to provide highthroughput easy production of precise carbon-based electrochemical sensors, but the printed electrodes from commercial filaments can exhibit poor or no electrochemical performance. Varying strategies have been utilized to overcome these challenges with different levels of success. Our study focuses on the systematic use of saponification using hydroxide to selectively remove polylactic acid (PLA) from the commercially available carbon thermoplastic filament preprinting. Cyclic voltammetry of varying redox probes was used to access the difference between multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/PLA and carbon black (CB)/PLA electrodes made with native and modified filament. Resistivity was reduced following saponification of filaments over increasing time, where surface changes were observed in the MWCNT/PLA filaments. CB/PLA and MWCNT/PLA electrodes made by using modified filaments had greater current responses and faster electron transfer kinetics than electrodes made with the native filament. Modified filament-made CB/PLA electrodes also exhibited greater electrochemical performance when compared to electrochemically treated CB/PLA electrodes made with the native filament. The preprinting saponification of the carbon PLA filament reported here provides a novel approach for fabricating high-performance ready-to-use 3D printed electrochemical sensors with utility in applications ranging in sensing and energy storage.

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“…In recent years, the field of electrochemistry has witnessed an increase in the volume of studies that incorporate FDM. − This trend has been made feasible through the incorporation of conductive additives, often carbon allotropes, into thermoplastics such as polylactic acid (PLA) to make commercial filaments, ,, which have achieved widespread availability on a global scale. − This approach has evolved to encompass electrodes with diverse geometries and even the electrochemical cell structure itself. ,, In contrast to conventional electrode fabrication, the utilization of FDM offers the advantage of crafting electrodes with customized parameters, significantly reducing timeframes and costs. ,, This is accomplished by simply modifying the computational design, which underscores the efficacy of this technique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eco-Friendly Approach to Making 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors

Shergill,

Bhatia,

Johnstone

et al. 2023

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Carbon poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based 3D-printed electrodes have demonstrated their effectiveness across a diverse spectrum of applications. Nonetheless, the issue of the inadequate natural biodegradability of PLA raises significant sustainability concerns, given the predominate single-use nature of 3D-printed electrochemical sensors. Our study is centered on a systematic approach to understand if reducing the amount of carbon black (CB)/PLA used to make the electrodes can have a significant impact on their performance. CB/PLA electrodes were made with varying amounts of material infill and assessed using cyclic voltammetry with different redox probes. Our findings showcased that there is no difference in the anodic current and electron transfer kinetics of CB/PLA electrodes made using infills from 30% to 100%. When comparing the sensing capabilities of 30% and 100% infill electrodes, no differences were observed in the sensitivity and limit of detection for the measurement of dopamine. Using 30% infill to make electrodes reduces CB/PLA usage by 44%. This approach is of significant utility for the development of 3D-printed electrochemical sensors for a broad range of applications spanning sensing and energy storage. Importantly, this manufacturing approach reduces the use of thermoplastics, which can provide considerable benefits to the environment.

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The Effects of Material Extrusion Printing Speed on the Electrochemical Activity of Carbon Black/Polylactic Acid Electrodes**

Cited by 11 publications

References 38 publications

Influence of instrument parameters on the electrochemical activity of 3D printed carbon thermoplastic electrodes

Influence of instrument parameters on the electrochemical activity of 3D printed carbon thermoplastic electrodes

Preprinting Saponification of Carbon Thermoplastic Filaments Provides Ready-to-Use Electrochemical Sensors

Eco-Friendly Approach to Making 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors

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