The effects of material attributes on capsule fill weight and weight variability in dosator nozzle machines

Faulhammer, Eva; Llusa, Marcos; Radeke, Charles; Scheibelhofer, Otto; Lawrence, Simon; Biserni, Stefano; Calzolari, Vittorio; Khinast, Johannes G.

doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.05.058

Cited by 25 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Particle size distribution d(0.9) of powder obtained from formulation C was the only one that diminished after the addition of the black bean extract powder (Table 5). In comparison with powder B, a higher content of starch instead of microcrystalline cellulose 50 in powder C allowed the inter-particulate interactions that have been correlated to flow indicators [16]. Also, the interaction between starch and black bean extract powder formed not only bigger particles but with a rougher structure.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Excipients and Spray Drying on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Nutraceutical Capsules Containing Phytochemicals from Black Bean Extract

et al. 2015

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Black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are a rich source of flavonoids and saponins with proven health benefits. Spray dried black bean extract powders were used in different formulations for the production of nutraceutical capsules with reduced batch-to-batch weight variability. Factorial designs were used to find an adequate maltodextrin-extract ratio for the spray-drying process to produce black bean extract powders. Several flowability properties were used to determine composite flow index of produced powders. Powder containing 6% maltodextrin had the highest yield (78.6%) and the best recovery of flavonoids and saponins (>56% and >73%, respectively). The new complexes formed by the interaction of black bean powder with maltodextrin, microcrystalline cellulose 50 and starch exhibited not only bigger particles, but also a rougher structure than using only maltodextrin and starch as excipients. A drying process prior to capsule production improved powder flowability, increasing capsule weight and reducing variability. The formulation containing 25.0% of maltodextrin, 24.1% of microcrystalline cellulose 50, 50% of starch and 0.9% of magnesium stearate produced capsules with less than 2.5% weight variability. The spray drying technique is a feasible technique to produce good flow extract powders containing valuable phytochemicals and low cost excipients to reduce the end-product variability.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Excipients and Spray Drying on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Nutraceutical Capsules Containing Phytochemicals from Black Bean Extract

et al. 2015

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“…Establishing a correlation between the bulk density inside the nozzle and the resulting fill weight and fill weight variation of filled capsules, which are known as critical quality attributes [58], would enhance process understanding and lead to process optimization. Although real-time measurement of density variations remains a challenge, it is highly desired to enhance the product quality [5].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring bulk density variations in a moving powder bed via terahertz in-line sensing

Stranzinger

Faulhammer

et al. 2019

Powder Technology

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Monitoring the relative density of static or moving powder inside a process line is essential for manufacturing high-quality products. The aim of this study was to predict density variations in a moving powder bed using terahertz reflection technology. We systematically investigated three grades (varying true density and particle size) of two materials: lactose and silicified microcrystalline cellulose (SMCC). These six powders specifically differ in their compressibility, which can be applied to assess the sensitivity and applicability of our method. The powders were filled into a round container, and terahertz reflection measurements were acquired continuously during the container's rotation. The setup allowed to adjust the relative density by compacting the powders into specific powder bed heights. Each powder was compacted to various relative densities (compression pressures up to 100 kPa). We calculated the surface refractive index based on the in-line terahertz measurements acquired during rotation, which has a linear dependence on the relative density of the powder. This was confirmed by correlating the refractive index values with the theoretical relative densities based on the bulk and true densities of the powder. The coefficient of determination (2) was larger than 0.962 (Lactohale 100) for all six powders, with the highest coefficients for Lactohale 220 (2 = 0.996) and SMCC 50 LD (2 = 0.995). The results suggest that the proposed method can resolve relative densities averaged across the powder bed that are as small as 0.3% (Lactohale 100). The high acquisition rate of the terahertz system (15 Hz) made it possible to determine the powder density in 230 positions uniformly distributed throughout the container, facilitating the investigation of the relative density uniformity in the container as a function of the powder bed height. It was observed that SMCC powders undergo a smaller change in the relative density variations upon compaction than the lactose powders. Moreover, the relative density maps clearly indicate local density differences in the powder bed for all powders. The relative density variations (in the horizontal direction) that were introduced by packing of the container prevailed throughout the compaction process for all samples with the exception of Lactohale 220. The presented approach allows a precise resolution of the spatial distribution of relative density, which facilitates an in-depth analysis of powder behavior upon compaction.

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“…Not long afterward, McCarron et al 17 showed trends for several different types of pharmaceutical powders, with active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs; 4' > 30) being more frictional than lubricated blends (4' < 10). Faulhammer et al 18 re-visted wall friction effects in encapsulation processes in 2014 and they again reported a weak correlation between particle size and the WFA for microcrystalline cellulose samples. Finally, Van Snick et al 19 studied wall friction as part of a multivariate study of blend properties that could potentially impact die filling during tableting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Wall Friction Properties of Pharmaceutical Powders, Blends, and Granulations

Hancock

2019

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Data from wall friction testing and physical property characterization of over 100 pharmaceutical powders, blends, and granulations have been analyzed. The analyses focused on data for stainless steel surfaces with the most common finishes for pharmaceutical powder processing equipment, either a 2B cold rolled mill finish or an electropolished 2B surface. Active pharmaceutical ingredients exhibited the highest friction against these surfaces, whereas active granulations exhibited the least friction. The typical (median) wall friction angle for an active blend on 2B stainless steel was 22 versus 18 for an active granulation. Typical wall friction values on electropolished 2B surfaces were about 17 and 12 for active blends and granulations, respectively. Blends typically exhibited larger wall friction angles than the granulations suggesting that simple blends will usually require hoppers or bins with steeper walls to achieve mass flow. Lower wall friction angles were consistently observed against the smoother electropolished 2B surface, and, thus, the wall surface finish should be considered when designing bins and hoppers for use with pharmaceutical powders. The wall friction angles of blends and granulations did not show any definite trend as the percentage of active pharmaceutical ingredient increased.

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The effects of material attributes on capsule fill weight and weight variability in dosator nozzle machines

Cited by 25 publications

References 25 publications

Influence of Excipients and Spray Drying on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Nutraceutical Capsules Containing Phytochemicals from Black Bean Extract

Influence of Excipients and Spray Drying on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Nutraceutical Capsules Containing Phytochemicals from Black Bean Extract

Measuring bulk density variations in a moving powder bed via terahertz in-line sensing

The Wall Friction Properties of Pharmaceutical Powders, Blends, and Granulations

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