The Effects of Linoleic Acid Consumption on Lipid Risk Markers for Cardiovascular Disease in Healthy Individuals: A Review of Human Intervention Trials

Froyen, Erik; Burns‐Whitmore, Bonny

doi:10.3390/nu12082329

Cited by 60 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…It has been established that moderate LA intake, as a partial replacement for saturated fatty acids, reduces blood total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentrations [ 25 , 26 ]. This seems to be the result of the upregulation of hepatic LDL receptor (LDLR) gene and protein expression, thereby promoting hepatic clearance of circulating LDL [ 26 ]. LA enhances the transcription of the liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) gene, probably via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs).…”

Section: Omega-6 Pufas and Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beneficial Outcomes of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Human Health: An Update for 2021

2021

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Oxidative stress and inflammation have been recognized as important contributors to the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may regulate the antioxidant signaling pathway and modulate inflammatory processes. They also influence hepatic lipid metabolism and physiological responses of other organs, including the heart. Longitudinal prospective cohort studies demonstrate that there is an association between moderate intake of the omega-6 PUFA linoleic acid and lower risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), most likely as a result of lower blood cholesterol concentration. Current evidence suggests that increasing intake of arachidonic acid (up to 1500 mg/day) has no adverse effect on platelet aggregation and blood clotting, immune function and markers of inflammation, but may benefit muscle and cognitive performance. Many studies show that higher intakes of omega-3 PUFAs, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are associated with a lower incidence of chronic diseases characterized by elevated inflammation, including CVDs. This is because of the multiple molecular and cellular actions of EPA and DHA. Intervention trials using EPA + DHA indicate benefit on CVD mortality and a significant inverse linear dose–response relationship has been found between EPA + DHA intake and CVD outcomes. In addition to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles, omega-3 fatty acids are considered to regulate platelet homeostasis and lower risk of thrombosis, which together indicate their potential use in COVID-19 therapy.

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Section: Omega-6 Pufas and Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beneficial Outcomes of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Human Health: An Update for 2021

2021

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“…It was observed that our brassica oil samples had very low levels of SFA (5.1–5.7%) and substantial amounts of MUFA (55.88–62%) and PUFA (31.54–36.91%). Due to their ability to reduce serum cholesterol and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) levels, these genotypes may be used as good sources of essential fatty acids due to their high percentage of linoleic acid [ 31 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological Formation, Fatty Acid Profile, and Molecular Identification of Some Landraces of Ethiopian Brassica as a Promising Crop to Support Breeding Programs

Khalaf

Al-Aziz

Ali

et al. 2021

Plants

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There has been an increased interest in oilseed crops for agro-industry research and development breeding programs to secure sustainable food and agriculture. The introgression of exotic genotypes of oilseed Brassica into cultivated relatives is inevitable in the genetic improvement of oilseed crops. This experimental attempt aimed to characterize the morphological and molecular basis for the identification and characterization of some Brassica genotypes. Fatty acid profile, yield, and morphology are under genetic control and can be used to identify genotypes. Characterization and identification were fulfilled for five accessions from Brassica spp. Plant height, height of first branch, number of branches and pods per plant, seed yield per plant, average pod length, number of seeds per pod, protein and oil contents (%), and fatty acid profile were examined. Besides, the relationship between seed yield and seed yield-contributing characteristics was estimated, as well as the phylogenetic relationship of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS). The genotypes varied significantly for all examined traits, taking into account the most important traits: seed yield per plant and oil content. For example, oil content in the samples ranged between 41.1 and 49.3%. Path analysis results showed a high and positive direct effect between each number of primary branches and the number of pods per plant with seed yield per plant (0.48). The morphological and molecular observations suggest that the Fay1, Fay3, Fay4, and Fay6 accessions belong to Brassica rapa, while Fay2 belongs to Brassica carinata. It can be concluded based on the present findings that the Fay3 genotype with the highest oil content and the lowest erucic acid content compared to the other genotypes can be proposed as a potential donor for future breeding programs for oil production and quality, while Fay1 can be utilized as donor to increase the seed yield per plant.

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“…The linoleic acid level in corn oil is higher than that in peanut oil, canola oil, soybean oil, and olive oil. Triacylglycerol molecules of corn oil comprise 25% of Trilinolein (LLL) and 22% of 1,2‐Linolein‐3‐Olein (LLO) followed by 1,2‐Linolein‐3‐Palmitin (LLP) (15%), 1,2‐Oleoyl‐3‐Linolein (OOL) (11%), and 1‐Palmitin‐2‐Linolein‐3‐Olein (PLO) (10%) (Froyen & Burns‐Whitmore, 2020; Veljković et al., 2018; Wrigley et al, 2016). Also, the high levels of lutein and zeaxanthin and its average levels of tocopherols, tocotrienols, and phytosterols in corn kernel oil make it health beneficial by preventing macular degeneration (Moreau et al, 2007; Shende & Sidhu, 2015).…”

Section: Germ Oil Recovery and Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Front‐end corn germ separation: Process variations and effects on downstream products recovery and quality

2021

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Background The popularity of grain‐based ethanol production, especially via dry‐grind bioethanol from corn and subsequent accumulation of low‐value coproducts, especially dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS), has emphasized the need to add value to the process by recovering different corn components for potential food, feed, and industrial applications prior to ethanol fermentation. Findings Modification in corn processing, including the fractionation process, has manifested in variation in product yield such as ethanol. However, the value‐added products thus obtained boost their quality, potentially increasing the profitability of dry‐grind corn ethanol process. Corn oil, being the most valuable corn component, presents itself as an attractive candidate for front‐end and tail‐end separation of germs. Although the corn oil does not take part in starch fermentation into ethanol, the implication of the front‐end degermination in dry‐grind corn process on downstream product recovery is an essential consideration in bioethanol yield. Process improvement has taken a further step to increase the ethanol yield and rate by processing alpha‐amylase corn, providing critical nutrients and superior yeast. Conclusions Corn ethanol production, quality of coproducts, germ separation, and oil recovery have been enhanced with component recovery either before or after fermentation. However, the economic aspects of the corn bioprocessing advancements need to be further evaluated for commercial implications. Significance and novelty This review summarizes the current knowledge about the significant corn processing methods. It critically reviews germ fractionation, its role in the processing parameters, and the potential for increased value‐added products such as corn oil.

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The Effects of Linoleic Acid Consumption on Lipid Risk Markers for Cardiovascular Disease in Healthy Individuals: A Review of Human Intervention Trials

Cited by 60 publications

References 104 publications

Beneficial Outcomes of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Human Health: An Update for 2021

Beneficial Outcomes of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Human Health: An Update for 2021

Morphological Formation, Fatty Acid Profile, and Molecular Identification of Some Landraces of Ethiopian Brassica as a Promising Crop to Support Breeding Programs

Front‐end corn germ separation: Process variations and effects on downstream products recovery and quality

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