The Effects of Leptin on Breastfeeding Behaviour

Cannon, Anna; Kakulas, Foteini; Hepworth, Anna R.; Lai, Ching Tat; Hartmann, Peter; Geddes, Donna T.

doi:10.3390/ijerph121012340

Cited by 33 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Articles | Cannon et al This study failed to show a relationship between skim milk leptin concentration and dose of leptin delivered at a breastfeed and the rate of GE or the time between the feeds. This agrees with our previous study, which did not find an association between skim milk leptin dose and the time between the feeds across a 24-h period (20). Milk leptin has been shown to be biologically active and enter the circulation (15), whereby satiety may be affected via signaling to the hypothalamus to reduce food intake (21).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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The relationship of human milk leptin and macronutrients with gastric emptying in term breastfed infants

et al. 2017

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BackgroundInfants breastfed on demand exhibit a variety of feeding patterns and self-regulate their nutrient intake, but factors influencing their gastric emptying (GE) are poorly understood. Despite research into appetite regulation properties of leptin, there is limited information about relationships between human milk leptin and infant GE.MethodsGastric volumes were calculated from ultrasound scans of infants' stomachs (n=20) taken before and after breastfeeding, and then every 12.5 min (median; range: 3-45 min) until the next feed. Skim milk leptin and macronutrient concentrations were measured and doses were calculated.ResultsThe leptin concentration was (mean±SD) 0.51±0.16 ng/ml; the leptin dose was 45.5±20.5 ng per feed. No relationships between both concentration and dose of leptin and time between the feeds (P=0.57; P=1, respectively) or residual stomach volumes before the subsequent feed (P=0.20; P=0.050) were found. Post-feed stomach volumes (GE rate) were not associated with leptin concentration (P=0.77) or dose (P=0.85).ConclusionGE in term breastfed infants was not associated with either skim milk leptin concentration or dose. Further investigation with inclusion of whole-milk leptin and other hormones that affect gastrointestinal activity is warranted.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…HM is both a unique and dynamic fluid with superior composition, the components of which vary between feeds within women and between women (18)(19)(20). When infants breastfeed on demand and thereby control their nutrient intake (2), it is plausible that their GE pattern could be influenced by milk composition.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship of human milk leptin and macronutrients with gastric emptying in term breastfed infants

et al. 2017

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“…In addition, the majority of studies that examined associations also found a positive correlation between maternal BMI and/or fat mass and HM fat concentration, providing further support of higher levels of fat in HM in women with a higher BMI. The fat concentration of HM is known to be highly dynamic, varying both across the day and even within a feed [51,52], however the role of external factors in regulating fat synthesis in the breast are not as well understood [43]. It is possible that the metabolic dysregulation commonly reported in women with a higher maternal BMI/fat mass, in particular dyslipidemia and higher circulating triglyceride levels, was associated with an increase in the fat concentration of HM [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further to this, the quality of the included studies was generally low, and there was a lack of standardization of collection methods and procedures. Physiological and methodological aspects of HM, such as gestational age, method, and time of collection, can significantly influence macronutrient levels [51,52,69] and therefore affect the results of comparisons/associations in individual studies. For instance, fat concentration in HM increases significantly (up to three-fold) from the beginning to the end of a breastfeed or expression [70].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Maternal Obesity on Human Milk Macronutrient Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2020

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Maternal obesity has been associated with changes in the macronutrient concentration of human milk (HM), which have the potential to promote weight gain and increase the long-term risk of obesity in the infant. This article aimed to provide a synthesis of studies evaluating the effects of maternal overweight and obesity on the concentrations of macronutrients in HM. EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases were searched for relevant articles. Two authors conducted screening, data extraction, and quality assessment independently. A total of 31 studies (5078 lactating women) were included in the qualitative synthesis and nine studies (872 lactating women) in the quantitative synthesis. Overall, maternal body mass index (BMI) and adiposity measurements were associated with higher HM fat and lactose concentrations at different stages of lactation, whereas protein concentration in HM did not appear to differ between overweight and/or obese and normal weight women. However, given the considerable variability in the results between studies and low quality of many of the included studies, further research is needed to establish the impact of maternal overweight and obesity on HM composition. This is particularly relevant considering potential implications of higher HM fat concentration on both growth and fat deposition during the first few months of infancy and long-term risk of obesity.

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“…Standards were selected according to previous literature investigating levels of leptin in skim human milk, as well as recommendations provided by the leptin kit manufacturer [36]. …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Leptin Levels Are Higher in Whole Compared to Skim Human Milk, Supporting a Cellular Contribution

et al. 2016

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Human milk (HM) contains a plethora of metabolic hormones, including leptin, which is thought to participate in the regulation of the appetite of the developing infant. Leptin in HM is derived from a combination of de novo mammary synthesis and transfer from the maternal serum. Moreover, leptin is partially lipophilic and is also present in HM cells. However, leptin has predominately been measured in skim HM, which contains neither fat nor cells. We optimised an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for leptin measurement in both whole and skim HM and compared leptin levels between both HM preparations collected from 61 lactating mothers. Whole HM leptin ranged from 0.2 to 1.47 ng/mL, whilst skim HM leptin ranged from 0.19 to 0.9 ng/mL. Whole HM contained, on average, 0.24 ± 0.01 ng/mL more leptin than skim HM (p < 0.0001, n = 287). No association was found between whole HM leptin and fat content (p = 0.17, n = 287), supporting a cellular contribution to HM leptin. No difference was found between pre- and post-feed samples (whole HM: p = 0.29, skim HM: p = 0.89). These findings highlight the importance of optimising HM leptin measurement and assaying it in whole HM to accurately examine the amount of leptin received by the infant during breastfeeding.

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The Effects of Leptin on Breastfeeding Behaviour

Cited by 33 publications

References 64 publications

The relationship of human milk leptin and macronutrients with gastric emptying in term breastfed infants

The relationship of human milk leptin and macronutrients with gastric emptying in term breastfed infants

The Impact of Maternal Obesity on Human Milk Macronutrient Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Leptin Levels Are Higher in Whole Compared to Skim Human Milk, Supporting a Cellular Contribution

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