The Effects of LENS Process Parameters on the Behaviour of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel

Mathoho, Ipfi; Akinlabi, Esther T.; Arthur, Nana Kk; Tlotleng, Monnamme; Makoana, Nkutwane Washington

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36296-6_45

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…On the other hand, Sample A4 had the highest maximum hardness of about 331.5 HV which is almost on par with wrought 17-4PH stainless steel (322-350 VHN) but much lower than hardness values that have been reported for laser deposited 17-4PH which can get as high as 371-400 HV. 24 The changes in microhardness can be attributed to grain refinement produced by laser power variation. This result is in agreement with that of a similar study conducted on the selective laser melting of 17-4PH.…”

Section: Microstructure and Phase Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[8][9][10] Several studies have been conducted to characterise the effect of processing conditions, powder characteristics and heat treatment on the evolving or resultant properties of this stainless steel alloy. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] Most of the available studies are mostly focused on laser powder bed fusion technology. Thus, there is limited literature on the laser metal deposited 17-4PH.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surface finish, microhardness and microstructure of laser metal deposited 17-4PH stainless steel

Bayode

2022

S. Afr. J. Sci.

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Laser metal deposition is a metal-based additive manufacturing technology. It is a very sensitive and complex process because of the different process parameters involved and the interrelations between these parameters. A thorough understanding of the underlying physics of the process is essential in developing a comprehensive database of the properties of materials processed with this technology. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of laser power on a laser-deposited 17-4 precipitation hardenable stainless steel alloy. The as-built microstructure, phase composition, microhardness and surface finish were analysed. The results show that a defect-free sample with good metallurgical bonding and minimal dilution can be produced using high laser power in the range 1400–2600 W and a scanning speed of 0.6 m/s. The microstructure in the clad layer was dominated by martensite and an improvement in surface finish and maximum hardness was observed with increased laser power.

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Section: Microstructure and Phase Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface finish, microhardness and microstructure of laser metal deposited 17-4PH stainless steel

Bayode

2022

S. Afr. J. Sci.

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“…As reported previously, the powders' sphericity and morphology-which captures two powder-centric variables for traditional powder-based metal additive manufacturing methods-will affect the powder's flow through the powder feeder in such systems [1]. These variables matter in laser-engineered net shaping because a specific size range of powder, 36-150 µm in diameter, must be continuously injected onto the powder bed in a controlled fashion as the laser passes over it [2]. In contrast, the size distribution and morphology matter to a lesser degree (although they remain significant and non-negligible, as discussed by Valente et al in [3] and pointed out by Hussain et al in [4]) for the cold spray additive manufacturing (CSAM) process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Thermal Preprocessing of Rapidly Solidified Al 6061 Feedstock for Tunable Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing

Haddad

Sousa

Tsaknopoulos

et al. 2022

Metals

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In this work, the influence of thermal pre-processing upon the microstructure and hardness of Al 6061 feedstock powder is considered through the lens of cold spray processing and additive manufacturing. Since solid-state cold spray processes refine and retain microstructural constituents following impact-driven and high-strain rate severe plastic deformation and bonding, thermal pre-processing enables application-driven tuning of the resultant consolidation achieved via microstructural and, therefore, mechanical manipulation of the feedstock prior to use. Microstructural analysis was achieved via X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and differential thermal calorimetry. On the other hand, nanoindentation testing and analysis were relied upon to quantify pre-processing effects and microstructural evolution influences on the resultant hardness as a function of time at 540 °C. In the case of the as-atomized powder, β-Mg2Si-, Al-Fe-, and Mg-Si-type phases were observed along polycrystalline grain boundaries. Furthermore, after a 60 min hold time at 540 °C, Al-Fe-Si-Cr-Mn- and Mg-Si-type intermetallic phases were also observed along grain boundaries. Furthermore, the as-atomized hardness at 250 nm of indentation depth was 1.26 GPa and continuously decreased as a function of hold time until reaching 0.88 GPa after 240 min at 540 °C. Finally, contextualization of the observations with tuning cold spray additive manufacturing part performance via powder pre-processing is presented for through-process and application-minded design.

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“…Grain size has been shown to grow by increasing laser power (or better laser density), consequently reducing hardness and other mechanical properties [4]. It was also observed that as the laser power increases, the porosity decreases [5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Layer Thickness on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of M300 Maraging Steel Additively Manufactured by LENS® Technology

Rońda¹,

Grzelak²,

Polański³

et al. 2022

Materials

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This work investigates the effect of layer thickness on the microstructure and mechanical properties of M300 maraging steel produced by Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS®) technique. The microstructure was characterized using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties were characterized by tensile tests and microhardness measurements. The porosity and mechanical properties were found to be highly dependent on the layer thickness. Increasing the layer thickness increased the porosity of the manufactured parts while degrading their mechanical properties. Moreover, etched samples revealed a fine cellular dendritic microstructure; decreasing the layer thickness caused the microstructure to become fine-grained. Tests showed that for samples manufactured with the chosen laser power, a layer thickness of more than 0.75 mm is too high to maintain the structural integrity of the deposited material.

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The Effects of LENS Process Parameters on the Behaviour of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel

Cited by 3 publications

References 6 publications

Surface finish, microhardness and microstructure of laser metal deposited 17-4PH stainless steel

Surface finish, microhardness and microstructure of laser metal deposited 17-4PH stainless steel

Thermal Preprocessing of Rapidly Solidified Al 6061 Feedstock for Tunable Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing

The Influence of Layer Thickness on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of M300 Maraging Steel Additively Manufactured by LENS® Technology

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