The Effects of L-Carnitine, Acetyl-L-Carnitine, and Propionyl-L-Carnitine on Body Mass in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Abstract

Purpose: The study aimed to explore the effects of l-carnitine, acetyl-l-carnitine, and propionyl-l-carnitine on Body Mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.Methods: Randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies of l-carnitine, acetyl-l-carnitine, and propionyl-l-carnitine in T2DM patients were searched. The change rates of Body Mass index (BMI) from baseline values were used as an evaluation indicator. The maximal effect (Emax) model by non-linear mixed-effect modeling (NONMEM) was used as the evaluation method.Results: A total of 10 RCT studies, 1239 T2DM patients were included for analysis, including eight studies of l-carnitine, one study of acetyl-l-carnitine, and one study of propionyl-l-carnitine. The study found that l-carnitine could reduce the Body Mass of T2DM patients. Based on only one study each for acetyl-l-carnitine and propionyl-l-carnitine, no significant effects were found in acetyl-l-carnitine or propionyl-l-carnitine. In addition, in order to achieve a plateau of efficacy (80% Emax), 2 g/day l-carnitine was required for at least 2 weeks.Conclusions: Two g/day l-carnitine was required for at least 2 weeks to affect Body Mass in T2DM patients, and no significant effects were found in acetyl-l-carnitine or propionyl-l-carnitine.

Boundary pointwise C1, and C2, regularity for fully nonlinear elliptic equations

“…Wang [35] gave a definition of pointwise C 1,α for the boundary for parabolic equations, which is similar to this paper. Then he proved the corresponding pointwise boundary C 1,α regularity for µ = b = 0.…”

“…The interior pointwise C 1,α regularity and boundary pointwise C 1,α regularity on flat domains were obtained by Nornberg [25]. We point out that the pointwise regularity also attract a lot of attention for other types of equation, such as parabolic equations (see [34,35,36]) and the Monge-Ampère equation (see [27]).…”

“…Remark 4.6. Taking the transformation form (4.7) is motivated by [25] (see the definition of ũ in Claim 3.2), which can be tracked to [35] (see Section 1.3 there).…”

“…[28,23]) or the method of combing Harnack inequality and a proper barrier (e.g. [24,35]). In fact, our proof of this lemma is inspired directly by [23], which can be tracked to [28] and [33,Chapter 4].…”

Uniform synchronization of an abstract linear second order evolution system

“…Later, the synchronization has been carried out for a coupled system of wave equations with various boundary controls, the most part of their results was recently collected in the monograph [16]. The optimal control for the exact synchronization of parabolic system was recently investigated by Wang and Yan in [28]. Consequently, the study of synchronization becomes a part of research in control theory.…”