The effects of ivermectin, used to control sea lice on caged farmed salmonids, on infaunal polychaetes

Black, Kenneth D.; Fleming, Stuart; Nickell, Thom; Pereira, Paula

doi:10.1006/jmsc.1996.0203

Cited by 20 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…comparing mussel-farm edge and 25 m fish-farm distance). The differences in biodiversity impacts may be as a consequence of differing aquaculture practices, for example the use of chemotheraputants and/or agents to control net-fouling on Scottish fish-farms [55].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Benthos Associated with Mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) Farms on the West-Coast of Scotland

Wilding

Nickell

2013

PLoS ONE

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Aquaculture, as a means of food production, is growing rapidly in response to an increasing demand for protein and the over-exploitation of wild fisheries. This expansion includes mussels (family Mytilidae) where production currently stands at 1.5 million tonnes per annum. Mussel culture is frequently perceived as having little environmental impact yet mussel biodeposits and shell debris accumulate around the production site and are linked to changes in the benthos. To assess the extent and nature of changes in benthos associated with mussel farming grab and video sampling around seven mussel farms was conducted. Grab samples were analysed for macrofauna and shell-hash content whilst starfish were counted and the shell-hash cover estimated from video imaging. Shell-hash was patchily distributed and occasionally dominated sediments (maximum of 2116 g per 0.1 m2 grab). Mean shell-hash content decreased rapidly at distances >5 m from the line and, over the distance 1–64 m, decreased by three orders of magnitude. The presence of shell-hash and the distance-from-line influenced macrofaunal assemblages but this effect differed between sites. There was no evidence that mussel farming was associated with changes in macrobenthic diversity, species count or feeding strategy. However, total macrofaunal count was estimated to be 2.5 times higher in close proximity to the lines, compared with 64 m distance, and there was evidence that this effect was conditional on the presence of shell-hash. Starfish density varied considerably between sites but, overall, they were approximately 10 times as abundant close to the mussel-lines compared with 64 m distance. There was no evidence that starfish were more abundant in the presence of shell-hash visible on the sediment surface. In terms of farm-scale benthic impacts these data suggest that mussel farming is a relatively benign way of producing food, compared with intensive fish-farming, in similar environments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Benthos Associated with Mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) Farms on the West-Coast of Scotland

Wilding

Nickell

2013

PLoS ONE

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“…commun. ) and experimental laboratory studies (Black et al 1997;Collier & Pinn 1998), suggested that ivermectin was less toxic to multispecies benthic communities than had been inferred from single species acute tests. Grant & Briggs (1998a,b) reported additional toxicity data, and concluded that further information about the persistence, bioavailability and toxicity of ivermectin under ®eld conditions was required to be able to justify the continued use of ivermectin.…”

Section: Environmental Riskmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Mortalities of the polychaete, Capitella capitata have been observed in cores dosed experimentally with ivermectin (78–780 mg m −2 ) over a 3‐week period (Black, Fleming, Nickell & Oereira 1997). Another experimental study exposed intertidal communities (unaffected by fish farming) to ivermectin (8–80 mg m −2 ) and reported significant effects on numbers and biomass of members of the benthic community (Collier & Pinn 1998).…”

Section: Ivermectinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…commun.) and experimental laboratory studies (Black et al . 1997; Collier & Pinn 1998), suggested that ivermectin was less toxic to multispecies benthic communities than had been inferred from single species acute tests.…”

Section: The Development and Status Of Ivermectin In The Treatment Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mortalities of the polychaete, Capitella capitata have been observed in cores dosed experimentally with ivermectin (78±780 mg m ±2 ) over a 3-week period (Black, Fleming, Nickell & Oereira 1997).…”

Section: Environmental Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of the use of ivermectin as a treatment for sea lice [Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) and Caligus elongatus Nordmann] infestation in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Davies

Rodger²

2000

Aquaculture Research

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Ectoparasitic sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) and Caligus elongatus (Nordmann) browse on the skin of farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.. The resulting lesions cause stress and increase the susceptibility of the fish to secondary infections. In extreme infestations, fish can suffer from osmoregulatory failure and death. The most immediate treatment for the relief of sea lice infestations at fish farms is the use of chemotherapeutants, either by bath or oral administration. One compound which has been investigated for use as a chemotherapeutant is ivermectin. Ivermectin is a member of the avermectin group of macrocyclic lactones. The avermectins are neurotoxins, which have been used successfully in the treatment of helminthic parasitic infections in a number of terrestrial farm animals and also in the treatment of river blindness in humans. Owing to the low solubility of the compound, ivermectin has been administered as an oral treatment with the feed and has been found to be effective for the treatment of sea lice on Atlantic salmon. Ivermectin is poorly absorbed by fish with a high percentage of the administered dose being excreted in the faeces. The highest concentrations of the absorbed ivermectin were found in lipid‐rich organs. The ivermectin remained in the tissues of the treated fish for a prolonged period of time and was excreted mainly in the unchanged form. Ivermectin can reach the marine environment via excretion from the bile, unabsorbed via the fish faeces and by uneaten food pellets and has a strong affinity to lipid, soil and organic matter. Risk assessments have shown that ivermectin is likely to accumulate in the sediments and that the species therein would be more at risk than the species in the pelagic environment. Ivermectin has been shown to be toxic to some benthic infaunal species in single species tests, but there is no evidence that treatment of fish with ivermectin has affected multispecies benthic communities in the field situation. This review paper ends with details of the development and the status of the use of ivermectin in the treatment of sea lice infestations at Scottish fish farms.

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Salmon Louse Management on Farmed Salmon in Scotland

Revie

2011

Salmon Lice

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The effects of ivermectin, used to control sea lice on caged farmed salmonids, on infaunal polychaetes

Cited by 20 publications

References 5 publications

Changes in Benthos Associated with Mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) Farms on the West-Coast of Scotland

Changes in Benthos Associated with Mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) Farms on the West-Coast of Scotland

A review of the use of ivermectin as a treatment for sea lice [Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) and Caligus elongatus Nordmann] infestation in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Salmon Louse Management on Farmed Salmon in Scotland

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