The Effects of Isocaloric Intermittent Fasting vs Daily Caloric Restriction on Weight Loss and Metabolic Risk Factors for Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled or Comparative Trials

Ezzati, Armin; Rosenkranz, Sara K.; Phelan, Jessica; Logan, Cindy

doi:10.1016/j.jand.2022.09.013

Cited by 13 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Nine reviews reported similar fat mass loss between IF and CER 4,25–27,32,33,36,37,39 . Three meta‐analyses of interventional trials (randomised and non‐randomised) stated that IF results in higher levels of fat mass loss than CER, with a mean difference range from −0.66 kg to −3.31 kg 5,18,31 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One review found mixed results attributed to the heterogeneity of studies. 4 One review found evidence of significantly lower fasting glucose levels in the IF cohort compared to CER (−0.78 mmol/l vs. −0.47 mmol/l, p < 0.05), although this was based on a single study. 27 The evidence for differences in fasting insulin between the two groups is mixed.…”

Section: If Versus Cermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6,11,12,[15][16][17]20,21,[23][24][25]27,29,30 IF versus CER Nineteen reviews found a comparable weight loss following IF and CER. [4][5][6]11,18,19,23,[25][26][27][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] In terms of BMI change, five reviews compared IF to CER, finding no significant difference between the two interventions. 11,25,27,38,39…”

Section: If Versus Ad Libitummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nine reviews compared lipid profiles between IF and CER and found no significant difference between the two in any of the parameters. [4][5][6]11,18,19,26,32,38 There was one exception where one review found CER to be superior to IF with respect to reducing total cholesterol and triglycerides, but equivalent with respect to reducing LDL. 44 Overall, no substantial conclusions can be drawn as a result of the inconclusive evidence on the outcomes of IF diets on lipid profiles.…”

Section: If Versus Cermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until recent years, dietary interventions for weight loss have focused on continuous energy restriction (CER), with clinical guidelines recommending that people living with obesity should aim for a daily energy intake that is 600 kcal less than their total energy expenditure 3 . Although this is an effective strategy for weight loss, adherence to CER has been reported to be as low as 32% 4,5 . Consequently, weight maintenance is rarely sustainable in the long term.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolic changes with intermittent fasting

Lange,

Coffey,

Coleman

et al. 2024

J Human Nutrition Diet

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BackgroundThe prevalence of obesity is rising globally and effective strategies to treat obesity are needed. Intermittent fasting, a dietary intervention for weight management, has received growing interest from the general public, as well as healthcare professionals, as a form of lifestyle intervention.MethodsWe executed a rapid review using PUBMED database to identify systematic reviews which examined the impact of intermittent fasting on metabolic indices, published between 2011 and 2022.ResultsIntermittent fasting leads to weight loss of a similar magnitude to continuous energy restriction. Most of the evidence shows that intermittent fasting leads to greater fat loss as measured by fat mass (kg) or body fat percentage when compared with ad libitum diet, but fat loss attained during intermittent fasting is not significantly different to continuous energy restriction although recent evidence shows intermittent fasting to be superior. There is mixed evidence for the impact of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, fasting glucose and lipid profile. Some studies focused on populations of Muslim people, which showed that Ramadan fasting may lead to weight loss and improvement of metabolic parameters during fasting, but the effects are reversed when fasting is finished.SummaryIntermittent fasting is more effective than an ad libitum dietary intake, and equally or more effective as continuous energy restriction, for weight management. However, there is inconclusive evidence on whether intermittent fasting has a clinically beneficial effect on glucose and lipid metabolism.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: If Versus Cermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: If Versus Ad Libitummentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: If Versus Cermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolic changes with intermittent fasting

Lange,

Coffey,

Coleman

et al. 2024

J Human Nutrition Diet

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Chrononutrition in the context of Ramadan: Potential implications

Ali,

Lessan

2023

Diabetes Metabolism Res

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Every year, healthy adult Muslims practice dawn to sunset fasting for a whole lunar month. No food or fluid is allowed for the fasting time window. After sunset, eating is allowed. The dramatic change in the timing of meals is accompanied by changes in sleeping hours and thus alterations in circadian rhythms. Hormonal mechanisms mainly determined by the latter also change. These include shifts in cortisol and melatonin. Food‐dependent hormones such as Ghrelin and leptin also show changes. A well‐established principle of chrononutrition is that the timing of eating may be as or more important than the content of food. Ramadan fasting (RF) is distinct from other forms of intermittent fasting, although there are also some similarities with time restricted eating (TRE). Both have been shown to have health benefits. Here, we examine existing literature to understand and learn from this very commonly practiced form of fasting and its relationships to circadian rhythms and homoeostatic mechanisms.

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Does time‐restricted eating add benefits to calorie restriction? A systematic review

Ezzati,

McLaren,

Bohlman

et al. 2024

Obesity

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ObjectiveA growing body of evidence has supported the health benefits of extended daily fasting, known as time‐restricted eating (TRE); however, whether the addition of TRE enhances the known benefits of calorie restriction (CR) remains unclear.MethodsPubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched through April 2023. This systematic review includes randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared CR + TRE with CR alone in energy‐matched conditions of at least 8 weeks in duration that assessed changes in body weight and cardiometabolic disease risk factors in adults with overweight and/or obesity.ResultsSeven studies were identified (n = 579). Two studies reported greater weight loss and reductions in diastolic blood pressure with CR + TRE compared with CR alone after 8 to 14 weeks, whereas one study reported greater improvements in triglycerides and glucose tolerance with CR + TRE (3 d/wk) compared with CR alone following 26 weeks. One study reported significant increases in Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA‐IR) levels with CR + TRE versus CR alone after 8 weeks. There were no statistically significant differences in any other outcome variable between the two interventions.ConclusionsThe addition of TRE to CR regimens resulted in greater weight loss and improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors in some studies; however, the majority of studies did not find additional benefits.

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The Effects of Isocaloric Intermittent Fasting vs Daily Caloric Restriction on Weight Loss and Metabolic Risk Factors for Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled or Comparative Trials

Cited by 13 publications

References 45 publications

Metabolic changes with intermittent fasting

Metabolic changes with intermittent fasting

Chrononutrition in the context of Ramadan: Potential implications

Does time‐restricted eating add benefits to calorie restriction? A systematic review

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