The effects of inspiratory muscle training with linear workload devices on the sports performance and cardiopulmonary function of athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Karsten, Marlus; Ribeiro, Gustavo dos Santos; Esquivel, Mateus Souza; Matte, Darlan Laurício

doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.09.004

Cited by 39 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Among the possible exercises the inspiratory muscle training (IMT) might be effective in improving CRCS. This position, taken in this study as a working hypothesis, is supported by numerous studies that suggested that IMT is able to improve RSA in both healthy and pathological subjects (Ferreira et al, 2013;Kaminski et al, 2015;Da Luz Goulart et al, 2016;Martins de Abreu et al, 2017;Karsten et al, 2018;Rodrigues et al, 2018). Even though the increase of RSA does not necessary imply an increase of CRCS (Eckberg and Karemaker, 2009;Porta et al, 2012, the unmodified cardiac baroreflex sensitivity observed after IMT of moderate intensity (DeLucia et al, 2018) prompts for a possible role of an empowered CRC to explain the after training elevation of RSA.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 70%

A Transfer Entropy Approach for the Assessment of the Impact of Inspiratory Muscle Training on the Cardiorespiratory Coupling of Amateur Cyclists

et al. 2020

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The strength of cardiorespiratory interactions diminishes with age. Physical exercise can reduce the rate of this trend. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) is a technique capable of improving cardiorespiratory interactions. This study evaluates the effect of IMT on cardiorespiratory coupling in amateur cyclists. Thirty male young healthy cyclists underwent a sham IMT of very low intensity (SHAM, n = 9), an IMT of moderate intensity at 60% of the maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP60, n = 10) and an IMT of high intensity at the critical inspiratory pressure (CIP, n = 11). Electrocardiogram, non-invasive arterial pressure, and thoracic respiratory movement (RM) were recorded before (PRE) and after (POST) training at rest in supine position (REST) and during active standing (STAND). The beat-to-beat series of heart period (HP) and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) were analyzed with the RM signal via a traditional non-causal approach, such as squared coherence function, and via a causal model-based transfer entropy (TE) approach. Cardiorespiratory coupling was quantified via the HP-RM squared coherence at the respiratory rate (K 2 HP−RM), the unconditioned TE from RM to HP (TE RM→HP) and the TE from RM to HP conditioned on SAP (TE RM→HP|SAP). In PRE condition we found that STAND led to a decrease of TE RM→HP|SAP. After SHAM and CIP training this tendency was confirmed, while MIP60 inverted it by empowering cardiorespiratory coupling. This behavior was observed in presence of unvaried SAP mean and with usual responses of the baroreflex control and HP mean to STAND. TE RM→HP and K 2 HP−RM were not able to detect the post-training increase of cardiorespiratory coupling strength during STAND, thus suggesting that conditioning out SAP is important for the assessment

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 70%

A Transfer Entropy Approach for the Assessment of the Impact of Inspiratory Muscle Training on the Cardiorespiratory Coupling of Amateur Cyclists

et al. 2020

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“…These findings suggest that inspiratory muscle strength is more sensitive to fatigue subsequent to running a MUM, compared with expiratory pulmonary function [9,45]. Hence, the addition of specific MIP training into the daily routine of these athletes might improve their performance [46,47].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effect of mountain ultramarathon distance competition on biochemical variables, respiratory and lower-limb fatigue

Martínez-Navarro

Sánchez-Gómez²,

Aparicio

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

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The study aimed at assessing the acute physiological effects of running a 65-km vs a 107km mountain ultramarathon. Nineteen athletes (15 males and 4 females) from the shorter race and forty three athletes (26 males and 17 females) from the longer race were enrolled. Body weight, respiratory and lower limb strength were assessed before and after the race. Blood samples were obtained before, after and 24-h post-race. Body weight loss did not differ between races. A decrease in squat jump height (p<0.01; d = 1.4), forced vital capacity (p<0.01; d = 0.5), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (p<0.01; d = 0.6), peak inspiratory flow (p<0.01; d = 0.6) and maximal inspiratory pressure (p<0.01; d = 0.8) was observed after the longer race; while, after the shorter race only maximal inspiratory pressure declined (p<0.01; d = 0.5). Greater post-race concentrations of creatine kinase (p<0.01; d = 0.9) and C-reactive protein (p<0.01; d = 2.3) were observed following the longer race, while high-sensitivity cardiac troponin was higher after the shorter race (p<0.01; d = 0.3). Sodium decreased post-competition only after the shorter race (p = 0.02; d = 0.6), while creatinine increased only following the longer race (p<0.01; d = 1.5). In both groups, glomerular filtration rate declined at post-race (longer race: p<0.01, d = 2.1; shorter race: p = 0.01, d = 1.4) and returned to baseline values at 24 h post-race. In summary, expiratory and lower-limb fatigue, and muscle damage and inflammatory response were greater following the longer race; while a higher release of cardiac troponins was observed after the shorter race. The alteration and restoration of renal function was similar after either race.

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“…This specific inspiratory muscle training could be performed with the aid of a pressure threshold device, either in isolation or integrated into core workouts [ 37 ] and stationary cycling [ 38 ]. It is usually recommended to start with a protocol of 30 resisted breaths, twice daily, at an intensity corresponding to the 50% of MIP [ 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a lack of investigations, however, concerning a possible association between inspiratory muscle strength and MUM performance. Inspiratory muscle training using linear workload devices is accessible to athletes [ 13 ] and it constitutes an effective tool to improve endurance-sports performance [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Overall, further studies are warranted to resolve whether the limiting factors in ultra-endurance events are similar to those described in shorter distances [ 16 ], as well as studies comparing performance factors in male and female athletes competing in ultramarathon races [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inspiratory and Lower-Limb Strength Importance in Mountain Ultramarathon Running. Sex Differences and Relationship with Performance

Martínez-Navarro

Montoya-Vieco

Collado

et al. 2020

Sports

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The study was aimed at comparing lower-limb strength and respiratory parameters between male and female athletes and their interaction with performance in a 107 km mountain ultramarathon. Forty seven runners (29 males and 18 females; mean ± SD age: 41 ± 5 years) were enrolled. Lower-limb strength assessment comprised a squat jump test, an ankle rebound test, and an isometric strength test. Respiratory assessment included pulmonary function testing and the measurement of maximal inspiratory pressure. Male athletes performed largely better in the squat jump (26 ± 4 vs. 21 ± 3 cm; p < 0.001; d = 1.48), while no sex differences were found in the other two lower-limb tests. Concerning the respiratory parameters, male athletes showed largely greater values in pulmonary expiratory variables: forced vital capacity (5.19 ± 0.68 vs. 3.65 ± 0.52 L; p < 0.001; d = 2.53), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (4.24 ± 0.54 vs. 2.97 ± 0.39 L; p < 0.001; d = 2.69), peak expiratory flow (9.9 ± 1.56 vs. 5.89 ± 1.39 L/min; p < 0.001; d = 2.77) and maximum voluntary ventilation in 12 s (171 ± 39 vs. 108 ± 23 L/min; p < 0.001; d = 1.93); while no sex differences were identified in maximal inspiratory pressure. Race time was associated with ankle rebound test performance (r = −0.390; p = 0.027), isometric strength test performance (r = −0.349; p = 0.049) and maximal inspiratory pressure (r = −0.544; p < 0.001). Consequently, it seems that athletes competing in mountain ultramarathons may benefit from improving lower-limb isometric strength, ankle reactive strength and inspiratory muscle strength. Nevertheless, further interventional studies are required to confirm these exploratory results. In addition, the fact that the magnitude of the sex difference for isometric strength was minor, as compared with the other strength tests, could represent one of the factors explaining why the performance gap between males and females is reduced in ultramarathons.

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The effects of inspiratory muscle training with linear workload devices on the sports performance and cardiopulmonary function of athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 39 publications

References 49 publications

A Transfer Entropy Approach for the Assessment of the Impact of Inspiratory Muscle Training on the Cardiorespiratory Coupling of Amateur Cyclists

A Transfer Entropy Approach for the Assessment of the Impact of Inspiratory Muscle Training on the Cardiorespiratory Coupling of Amateur Cyclists

Effect of mountain ultramarathon distance competition on biochemical variables, respiratory and lower-limb fatigue

Inspiratory and Lower-Limb Strength Importance in Mountain Ultramarathon Running. Sex Differences and Relationship with Performance

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