The Effects of Inorganic-Organic Cations on EVA-Magadiite Nanocomposite Flammability

Morgan, Alexander B.; Whaley, Paul D.; Lin, Thomas S.; Cogen, Jeffrey M.

doi:10.1021/bk-2006-0922.ch005

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…In the case of the organically modified magadiites (EVA G, EVA I, and EEA I) there was d-spacing collapse, or no peak was detected. The spacing collapse appears to be typical for organically modified magadiite samples, as this behaviour has been seen now in other EVA samples [20,21]. This d-spacing collapse may suggest that organically modified magadiites, while capable of dispersing in polymers as multi-layer stacks, or tactoids, seem incapable of intercalating polymer in between the primary clay layers.…”

Section: X-ray Diffractionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…Organically modified montmorillonite (Southern Clay Products Cloisite 15A) and organically modified magadiite treated with a dimethyl, di(hydrogenated tallow) ammonium (DMDHTA-MGD or Arq2HT-magadiite in some of the TEM image file details-Figures 10, 11 and 13) [20,21] were dried in a forced air oven (100 • C, 2 h) prior to melt compounding. Huntite/hydromagnesite blends (in uncoated and stearic acid-coated versions) under the trade name 'Securoc' were obtained from Ankerpoort NV (Netherlands).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effectiveness of magnesium carbonate‐based flame retardants for poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and poly(ethylene‐co‐ethyl acrylate)

et al. 2007

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SUMMARYIn this report we outline recent work on the evaluation of magnesium carbonate-based flame retardants for polymers commonly used in halogen-free flame retardant wire and cable applications: poly(ethylene-covinyl acetate) (EVA) and poly(ethylene-co-ethyl acrylate) (EEA). Natural magnesium carbonate (magnesite), synthetic magnesium carbonate (hydromagnesite), and hydromagnesite/huntite blends were combined with EVA or EEA and tested for flame retardancy effectiveness with the cone calorimeter. The flammability results showed that the effectiveness of these carbonates was polymer dependent, suggesting that polymer degradation chemistry played a role in the flammability reduction mechanism. Hydromagnesites were, in general, more effective in reducing flammability, being comparable in performance to magnesium hydroxide. Finally, we report some polymer-clay (organically treated montmorillonite and magadiite) + magnesium carbonate flame retardant results which showed that the nanocomposite yielded mixed results. Specifically, the polymer-clay nanocomposite samples did not always yield the greatest reductions in peak heat release rate.

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Section: X-ray Diffractionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effectiveness of magnesium carbonate‐based flame retardants for poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and poly(ethylene‐co‐ethyl acrylate)

et al. 2007

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“…The nanoclay was a synthetic organo-magadiite prepared as described in Patent Cooperation Treaty Application Serial No. WO 01/83370; it was included as a potential FR synergist [16,17].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nanoclay was a synthetic organo-magadiite prepared as described in Patent Cooperation Treaty Application Serial No. WO 01/83370; it was included as a potential FR synergist [16,17].The zinc stearate was obtained as a standard polymer grade. The zinc oxide had a surface area of 9 m 2 /g and was obtained as Kadox TM 911P from Zinc Corporation of America.…”

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Correlations between pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry and conventional flammability tests with halogen‐free flame retardant polyolefin compounds

2008

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SUMMARYSeven halogen-free flame retardant (FR) compounds were evaluated using pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and cone calorimetry. Performance of wires coated with the compounds was evaluated using industry standard flame tests. The results suggest that time to peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat released (THR) in cone calorimetry (and THR and temperature at PHRR in PCFC) be given more attention in FR compound evaluation. Results were analyzed using flame spread theory. As predicted, the lateral flame spread velocity was independent of PHRR and heat release capacity. However, no angular dependence of flame spread velocity was observed. Thus, the thermal theory of ignition and flame spread, which assumes that ignition at the flame front occurs at a particular flame and ignition temperature, provides little insight into the performance of the compounds. However, results are consistent with a heat release rate greater than about 66 kW/m 2 during flame propagation for sustained ignition of insulated wires containing mineral fillers, in agreement with a critical heat release rate criterion for burning. Mineral fillers can reduce heat release rate below the threshold value by lowering the flaming combustion efficiency and fuel content. A rapid screening procedure using PCFC is suggested by logistic regression of the binary (burn/no-burn) INTRODUCTIONTesting of flame retardant (FR) materials presents technical and scientific challenges. Various enduse applications have unique fire tests, which in most cases have not been correlated to small-scale methods of flammability assessment. To complicate matters further, these tests are often conducted on finished articles rather than pure polymer compounds. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry are among the most commonly cited methods for assessing flammability of FR polymer compounds. Although studies have raised questions about the reliability of LOI in flammability research [1, 2], LOI remains one of the most popular flammability test methods. This is likely due in large part to the fact that measurement of LOI can be done quickly using relatively inexpensive and simple equipment. Despite its popularity, correlation of LOI with performance in industry flame tests is limited, and application to predict burn behavior in actual fires is uncertain [3].Cone calorimetry is another method for flammability assessment of materials, and can be run on raw materials as well as fabricated articles, providing a wealth of data from measurement of a single specimen. While cone calorimetry is steadily gaining in popularity, its use outside of research remains limited due to a number of factors, including the high cost, complexity of cone calorimeters, and the resources required to operate and maintain them. Additionally, there is no widespread agreement in the industry about which parameters are most meaningful. Therefore, more studies correlating burn performance in key industry tests with results of cone calorimetry on compounds are needed.Cone calor...

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“…This conclusion was found also applicable to PNCs based on thermoset vinyl ester, 162 or to EVAc. 163 Morgan et al 164 prepared a series of EVAc-based PNCs with 5 wt% of MAG, pre-intercalated with inorganic (H þ ,N a þ ,C a 2þ ,M g 2þ ) and organic (2M2HTA þ ) cations. All compositions comprised 58 wt% of Mg(OH) 2 and 6 wt% of maleated linear low density poly(ethylene) (LLDPE-g-MA) compatibilizer.…”

Section: Pnc With Synthetic Magadiite (Mag)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic, layered nanoparticles for polymeric nanocomposites (PNCs)

Utracki

Sepehr

Boccaleri

2007

Polymers for Advanced Techs

379

252

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Synthetic, layered nano-particles for polymeric nanocomposites (PNC's)Utracki, L. A.; Sepehr, M.; Boccaleri, E.Contact us / Contactez nous: nparc.cisti@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca.http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/npsi/jsp/nparc_cp.jsp?lang=fr L'accès à ce site Web et l'utilisation de son contenu sont assujettis aux conditions présentées dans le site Web page / page Web http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.852 http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/npsi/ctrl?action=rtdoc&an=15774991&lang=en http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/npsi/ctrl?action=rtdoc&an=15774991&lang=fr LISEZ CES CONDITIONS ATTENTIVEMENT AVANT D'UTILISER CE SITE WEB. READ THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS WEBSITE.Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/npsi/jsp/nparc_cp.jsp?lang=en This review discusses preparation and use of the synthetic layered nanoparticles in polymer matrices, i.e., in the polymeric nanocomposites (PNCs). Several types of synthetic or semi-synthetic layered materials are considered, namely the phyllosilicates (clays), silicic acid (magadiite), layered double hydroxides (LDHs), zirconium phosphates (ZrPs), and di-chalcogenides. The main advantage of synthetic clays is their chemical purity (e.g. absence of amorphous and gritty contaminants, as well as arsenic, iron, and other heavy metals), white to transparent color that assures reproducibly of brightly colored products, as well as a wide range of aspect ratios, p ¼ 20 to £6000. Several large scale production facilities have been established. The synthetic clay and LDH industries are oriented toward big volume markets: catalysis, foodstuff, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, toiletry, etc. The use of these materials in PNCs is limited to synthetic clays and LDHs, mainly for reinforcement, permeability control, reduction of flammability, and stabilization, e.g. during dehydrohalogenation of chlorinated macromolecules. The use of lamellar ZrPs and di-chalcogenides is at the laboratory stage of functional polymeric systems development, e.g. for electrically conductive materials, catalysts or support for catalysts, in photochemistry, molecular and chiral recognition, or in fuel cell technologies, etc. Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.KEYWORDS: polymeric nanocomposites; nanoparticles; clay; layered double hydroxides; matrix POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES Polym. Adv. Technol. 2007; 18: 1-37 Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/pat.852 AUTHORS' BIOGRAPHIESDr Leszek A. Utracki was born and educated (up to Habilitation) in Poland. After the post-doctoral stage at USC in Los Angeles with Robert Simha he settled in Canada. His passionate research interest has been within the field of thermodynamics, rheology and processing of multicomponent, multiphase polymeric systems. During the 55 years in the profession he has published several hundred articles, book chapters, books, patents, etc., which has placed him on the ISI li...

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The Effects of Inorganic-Organic Cations on EVA-Magadiite Nanocomposite Flammability

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

The effectiveness of magnesium carbonate‐based flame retardants for poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and poly(ethylene‐co‐ethyl acrylate)

The effectiveness of magnesium carbonate‐based flame retardants for poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and poly(ethylene‐co‐ethyl acrylate)

Correlations between pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry and conventional flammability tests with halogen‐free flame retardant polyolefin compounds

Synthetic, layered nanoparticles for polymeric nanocomposites (PNCs)

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