The effects of indoor and outdoor sports participation and seasonal changes on vitamin D levels in athletes

Aydin, Canan Gönen; Dinçel, Yaşar Mahsut; Arıkan, Yavuz; Taş, Süleyman Kasım; Deniz, Serdar

doi:10.1177/2050312119837480

Cited by 34 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…Studies conducted at different latitudes, including the US (Halliday et al ; Fitzgerald et al ; Villacis et al ; Barcal et al ; Jung et al ), Europe (Koundourakis et al ; Aydın et al ) and the UK (Owens et al ; Todd et al ), also indicate that university and recreational populations are at risk of a low vitamin D status (<50 nmol/l). It is important to note that the cut‐offs used within these university studies ranged from 25 to 80 nmol/l for 25(OH)D insufficiency and limited scientific justification was given for why they had chosen a particular cut‐off for vitamin D status.…”

Section: What Is the Vitamin D Status Of University Athletes?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of vitamin D on health outcomes and sporting performance: Implications for elite and recreational athletes

et al. 2020

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The primary source of vitamin D is through synthesis in the skin, following exposure to sunlight containing ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. Supply through skin exposure can be supplemented by the diet, but there are relatively few dietary sources, especially those which provide a large amount of vitamin D per serving. Research into the effects of vitamin D status in different population groups has become an increasingly popular topic. The current interest surrounding vitamin D research in sport remains focused on the potential ergogenic effects of vitamin D on physical performance. However, the relationship between vitamin D (dietary intake and status) and musculoskeletal health in university athlete cohorts residing at higher latitudes (>40°N) remains underinvestigated. Within this review, the possible physiological roles that vitamin D may play within sport performance for recreational and professional athletes, as well as military recruits, will be discussed. The focus will be on muscular strength, cardiovascular health and the incidence of illness, including upper respiratory tract infections. Specifically, the effect that vitamin D deficiency {defined as a plasma/serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration of <25 nmol/l} may have on musculoskeletal health, including the incidence of stress fractures, is discussed. The review also seeks to highlight avenues for future research within vitamin D and sport, in particular for populations residing at higher latitudes (>40°N) where wintertime vitamin D deficiency is prevalent. It is hoped that this review will help to raise the awareness of the importance of existing advice in the UK for the avoidance of vitamin D deficiency and international vitamin D guidelines (such as in the US) on the achievement of vitamin D sufficiency [serum 25(OH)D >50 nmol/l] for optimum health and performance in athletes, both professional and recreational.

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Section: What Is the Vitamin D Status Of University Athletes?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of vitamin D on health outcomes and sporting performance: Implications for elite and recreational athletes

et al. 2020

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“…Vitamin D insufficiency seems to also be a prominent problem among athletes [2,6,7]. It has been estimated that during the winter season, almost 60% of outdoor athletes and 64% of indoor athletes have a level of 25(OH)D <30 ng/mL, which indicates insufficiency of vitamin D [11][12][13][14][15]. Athletes who live at latitudes of 35 • degrees or below train outdoors and use sunscreen during summer and cover-up from cold during autumn, winter and spring are vulnerable to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) insufficiency [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players

et al. 2020

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of natural sun exposure and six weeks of a high dose of vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D, testosterone and cortisol serum concentrations as well as speed, power and VO2max in professional soccer players. Materials: The study was conducted from January to September. At the beginning of the study, 33 professional soccer players were enrolled; however, only 28 subjects (height 181.5 cm; body mass 77.81 ± 8.8 kg; body fat 12.38% ± 2.4% and muscle mass 40.27 ± 5.3 kg) completed the study. The research consisted of three stages. The first one, lasting 10 days, was conducted in January during a training camp in the south part of Cyprus at a latitude of 34 33°, where participants experienced natural sun exposure; it was called a winter sun exposure (WSE) period. The second stage, which was a supplementation period (SP), lasted 6 weeks, during which all subjects were randomly assigned either to an experimental group—EG (n = 15)—or a placebo group—PG (n = 13)—and were administered 6000 IU/d cholecalciferol or a placebo, respectively. The third stage took place in September, after summertime (summer sun exposure—SSE). The data of the 25(OH)D, free and total testosterone (fT, tT), cortisol as well as 5 and 30 m sprint tests (STs), power of the left leg (PLL) and VO2max were evaluated before and after the WSE period, the SP and SSE. Results: In January, the baseline value of vitamin D in 12 subjects was ≤20 ng/mL, and 14 of them had levels between 20–30 ng/mL and 2 individuals >30 ng/mL. After the WSE period, significant changes in 25(OH)D, fT, tT and cortisol concentration, as well as in the 5 m ST, were observed. After the SP, in the EG, significant changes were found in 25(OH)D, fT, tT and the 5 m ST. Furthermore, a positive correlation between the concentration of 25(OH) fT and tT was observed. After SSE, 2 out of 28 players had <20 ng/mL 25(OH)D, 12 of them had 25(OH)D between 20 and 30 ng/mL and 14 of them had 25(OH)D between 30 and 50 ng/mL. Significant differences in 25(OH)D, fT, tT concentration and the 5 m ST performance were observed following SSE compared with the WSE period. Conclusion: Due to the serum level of 25(OH)D demonstrated by most participants at the beginning of the study and after summertime, all-year-round supplementation with high doses of vitamin D seems to be a reasonable solution to enhance high 25(OH)D concentration in blood and physical performance. In the middle of the winter, almost half of the soccer players were serum deficient of 25(OH)D. After ten days of sun exposure and 6 weeks of vitamin D supplementation, the concentration of 25(OH)D significantly increased, as did testosterone and results in the 5 m sprint test also improved. Therefore, athletes should be constantly monitored for serum levels of 25(OH)D throughout the year and should be supplemented if deficiencies or insufficient amounts of this vitamin occur.

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“…The difference between outdoor and indoor athletes is noticeable in the study of Aydin et al, which showed the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in 59% of outdoor athletes and 64% of indoor athletes. The study was conducted during winter season [4]. Peeling et al found significantly lower vitamin D status in indoor (90 ± 28 nmol/L) compared to outdoor (131 ± 35 nmol/L) athletes ( p = 0.0001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Vitamin D on Physical Efficiency and Exercise Performance—A Review

Wiciński

Adamkiewicz

et al. 2019

Nutrients

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Vitamin D deficiency amongst athletes and the general population seems to be a prominent problem. The most recognized role of vitamin D is its regulation of calcium homeostasis; there is a strong relationship between vitamin D and bone health. Moreover, its concentrations are associated with muscle function and immune response in both the general and athletic populations. Vitamin D level is strongly connected with the presence of VDRs (vitamin D receptors) in most human extraskeletal cells. Expression of multiple myogenic transcription factors enhancing muscle cell proliferation and differentiation is caused by an exposure of skeletal muscles to vitamin D. The aim of this review is to summarize current understanding of the significance of vitamin D on exercise performance and physical efficiency, as well to analyze the impact of vitamin D on multiple potential mechanisms. More high-quality research studies, considering free 25(OH)D as a better marker of vitamin D status, the baseline level of 25(OH)D and multiple pathways of vitamin D acting and usage in athletes are required.

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The effects of indoor and outdoor sports participation and seasonal changes on vitamin D levels in athletes

Cited by 34 publications

References 29 publications

Effects of vitamin D on health outcomes and sporting performance: Implications for elite and recreational athletes

Effects of vitamin D on health outcomes and sporting performance: Implications for elite and recreational athletes

Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players

Impact of Vitamin D on Physical Efficiency and Exercise Performance—A Review

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