The effects of hypoxia and CO2 on the sleep-waking pattern of the potoroo (Potorous tridactylus apicalis)☆

Ryan, Ann T.; Hale, B.; Megirian, D.; Sherrey, J.H.

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(83)90012-4

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…However, it needs to be investigated in depth (i) if the majority of REM-OFF cells in LC are also chemosensory neurons; (ii) the alteration of CO 2 level in and around LC during NREM and REM sleep; (iii) if blocking of hydrogen pump/exchanger in LC alters REM sleep. But given the facts that (i) change in CO 2 level alters REM sleep (Ryan et al, 1983; Lovering et al, 2003, 2004), (ii) LC plays an important role in the regulation of REM sleep (Hobson et al, 1974; Jha and Mallick, 2011) and breathing patterns (Orem et al, 2000; Dean et al, 2001; Viemari, 2008), (iii) majority of LC neurons are highly responsive to the changes in CO 2 level (Orem et al, 2000; Dean et al, 2001), and (iv) CO 2 significantly increases during NREM sleep (Robin et al, 1958); we hypothesize that LC REM-OFF cells are hyperpolarized by elevated CO 2 level during stable NREM sleep, a condition that permits REM sleep to occur.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been observed that REM sleep helps regulate breathing response during altered blood CO 2 level (Netick et al, 1984). During hypocapnia, REM sleep amount is decreased and the effect was entirely due to change in CO 2 level but not due to any other non-specific reasons (Ryan et al, 1983; Lovering et al, 2003, 2004). Further, it has also been observed that decrease in REM sleep amount correlates proportionally with a relative decrease in CO 2 level (Lovering et al, 2003).…”

Section: Does Blood Co2 Level Variation Alter Rem Sleep?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Moderate Increase of Physiological CO2 in a Critical Range during Stable NREM Sleep Episode: A Potential Gateway to REM Sleep

Madan¹,

Jha²

2012

Front. Neur.

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Sleep is characterized as rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Studies suggest that wake-related neurons in the basal forebrain, posterior hypothalamus and brainstem, and NREM sleep-related neurons in the anterior-hypothalamic area inhibit each other, thus alternating sleep–wakefulness. Similarly, pontine REM-ON and REM-OFF neurons reciprocally inhibit each other for REM sleep modulation. It has been proposed that inhibition of locus coeruleus (LC) REM-OFF neurons is pre-requisite for REM sleep genesis, but it remains ambiguous how REM-OFF neurons are hyperpolarized at REM sleep onset. The frequency of breathing pattern remains high during wake, slows down during NREM sleep but further escalates during REM sleep. As a result, brain CO2 level increases during NREM sleep, which may alter REM sleep manifestation. It has been reported that hypocapnia decreases REM sleep while hypercapnia increases REM sleep periods. The groups of brainstem chemosensory neurons, including those present in LC, sense the alteration in CO2 level and respond accordingly. For example, one group of LC neurons depolarize while other hyperpolarize during hypercapnia. In another group, hypercapnia initially depolarizes but later hyperpolarizes LC neurons. Besides chemosensory functions, LC REM-OFF neurons are an integral part of REM sleep executive machinery. We reason that increased CO2 level during a stable NREM sleep period may hyperpolarize LC neurons including REM-OFF, which may help initiate REM sleep. We propose that REM sleep might act as a sentinel to help maintain normal CO2 level for unperturbed sleep.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Does Blood Co2 Level Variation Alter Rem Sleep?mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Moderate Increase of Physiological CO2 in a Critical Range during Stable NREM Sleep Episode: A Potential Gateway to REM Sleep

Madan¹,

Jha²

2012

Front. Neur.

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“…Choliz suggested that lowering the partial pressure of oxygen using carbon dioxide in insomnia patients reduces sleep latency (14). Ryan et al reported that adding a little more carbon dioxide to the air improves sleep (15). Most of the products developed to improve sleep have been so far sold in the market without any evidence of effectiveness, thus an objective research to prove the effect of sleep-related products on sleep is required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel sleep aid device to reduce sleep latency using air–CO2 mixed gas

Han

Kim²,

Kim³

et al. 2023

Front. Neurol.

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IntroductionSleep is an indispensable component of human life. However, in modern times, the number of people suffering from sleep disorders, such as insomnia and sleep deprivation, has increased significantly. Therefore, to alleviate the discomfort to the patient due to lack of sleep, sleeping pills and various sleep aids are being introduced and used. However, sleeping drugs are prescribed only to a limited extent due to the side effects posed by them and resistance to such drugs developed by patients in the long term, and the majority of sleep aids are scientifically groundless products. This study aimed to develop a device that induced sleep by spraying a mixed gas of carbon dioxide and air to create an environment that could induce sleep, similar to the inside of a sealed vehicle, to control oxygen saturation in the body.MethodsBased on the stipulated safety standards and the human tidal volume, the target concentration of carbon dioxide was determined to be of three types: 15,000, 20,000, and 25,000 ppm. After analyzing diverse structures for safely mixing gases, the most appropriate shape, the reserve tank, was selected as the best suited structure. Various variables, such as spraying angle and distance, flow rate, atmospheric temperature, and nozzle length, were comprehensively measured and tested. Furthermore based on this aspect, diffusion simulation of carbon dioxide concentration and actual experiments were conducted. To secure the stability and reliability of the developed product, an accredited test was performed to investigate the error rate of carbon dioxide concentration. Furthermore, clinical trials comprising polysomnography and questionnaires confirmed the effectiveness of the developed product not only in reducing sleep latency but also in enhancing the overall sleep quality.ResultsWhen the developed device was put to use in reality, sleep latency was decreased by 29.01%, on average, for those with a sleep latency of 5 min or more, compared to when the device was not in use. Moreover, the total sleep time was increased by 29.19 min, WASO was decreased by 13.17%, and sleep efficiency was increased by 5.48%. We also affirmed that the ODI and 90% ODI did not decrease when the device was used. Although different questions may be raised about the safety of using a gas such as carbon dioxide (CO2), the result that tODI was not reduced shows that sleep aids using CO2 mixtures do not adversely affect human health.DiscussionThe results of this study suggest a new method that can be used to treat sleep disorders including insomnia.

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Anesthesia and Analgesia in Other Mammals

Wyatt¹

2008

Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals

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The effects of hypoxia and CO2 on the sleep-waking pattern of the potoroo (Potorous tridactylus apicalis)☆

Cited by 5 publications

References 18 publications

A Moderate Increase of Physiological CO2 in a Critical Range during Stable NREM Sleep Episode: A Potential Gateway to REM Sleep

A Moderate Increase of Physiological CO2 in a Critical Range during Stable NREM Sleep Episode: A Potential Gateway to REM Sleep

A novel sleep aid device to reduce sleep latency using air–CO2 mixed gas

Anesthesia and Analgesia in Other Mammals

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