The effects of hypertension as an existing comorbidity on mortality rate in patients with COVID-19 A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

IntroductionCoronavirus has spread throughout the world rapidly, and there is a growing need to identify host risk factors to identify those most at risk. There is a growing body of evidence suggesting a close link exists between an increased risk of infection and an increased severity of lung injury and mortality, in patients infected with COVID-19 who have existing hypertension. This is thought to be due to the possible involvement of the virus target receptor, ACE2, in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone blood pressure management system.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between hypertension as an existing comorbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).MethodsA systematic literature search in several databases was performed to identify studies that comment on hypertension as an existing comorbidity, and its effect on mortality in hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection. The results of these studies were then pooled, and a meta-analysis was peformed to assess the overall effect of hypertension as an existing comorbidity on risk of mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 positive patients.ResultsA total of 12243 hospitalised patients were pooled from 19 studies. All studies demonstrated a higher fatality rate in hypertensive COVID-19 patients when compared to non-hypertensive patients. Meta-analysis of the pooled studies also demonstrated that hypertension was associated with increased mortality in hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection (risk ratio (RR) 2.57 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.10, 3.14), p < 0.001; I2 =74.98%).ConclusionHypertension is associated with 157% increased risk of mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 positive patients. These results have not been adjusted for age, and a meta-regression of covariates including age is required to make these findings more conclusive.SummaryRisk of mortality is considerably higher in hospitalised COVID-19 patients who have hypertension as an existing comorbidity prior to admission.

Kajian Epidemiologi Deskriptif dan Faktor Risiko Kematian Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) di Provinsi Riau

“…23 Hipertensi dikaitkan dengan 157% peningkatan risiko kematian pada pasien positif COVID-19 yang dirawat di rumah sakit. 25 Hipertensi dapat mengakibatkan gagal ginjal kronis yang dapat memperberat gejala COVID-19 dan meningkatkan risiko kematian. 26…”

Hubungan Komorbid Hipertensi dengan Kematian pada Kasus Konfirmasi COVID-19 di DKI Jakarta, Maret-Agustus 2020

“…Hal ini sejalan dengan penelitian meta analisis yang dilakukan Whiteman mengenai hubungan hipertensi dan mortalitas COVID-19. 28 ACE2 mengatur tekanan darah, keseimbangan elektrolit dan sistem vaskular. SARSCoV-2 dapat meningkatkan angiotensin II pada jaringan alveolar yang mengakibatkan peningkatan permeabilitas vaskular dan menimbulkan edema paru.…”