“…Rearing in pure oxygen (100% O 2 ) has been shown to increase the rate of ROS production (Beckman and Ames, 1998;Chance et al, 1979), levels of carbonylated (oxidized) proteins in houseflies (Sohal et al, 1993;Sohal and Dubey, 1994) and mitochondrial damage in Drosophila (Walker and Benzer, 2004). Moreover, pure oxygen is linked to the oxidative injury of mitochondrial enzymes such as cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) (Walker and Benzer, 2004), aconitase and adenine nucleotide translocase (Das et al, 2001;Yan and Sohal, 1998), and induces brain damage (Kloek et al, 1978;Philpott et al, 1974), apotosis (Oh et al, 2008) and lung damage (Bin-Jaliah et al, 2009;Pace et al, 2009). Similarly, extreme hypoxia, and hypoxia followed by reoxygenation (reperfusion), can promote free radical production in vivo, as well as many types of oxidative injury Dirmeier et al, 2002;Duranteau et al, 1998;Yamamoto et al, 2006).…”