The effects of hesperidin on sodium arsenite-induced different organ toxicity in rats on metabolic enzymes as antidiabetic and anticholinergics potentials: A biochemical approach

Abstract

In our work, it was purposed to investigate the effects of sodium arsenite (SA) and hesperidin (HSP) administered to rats on some metabolic enzymes including carbonic anhydrase (CA), aldose reductase (AR), paraoxonase‐1 (PON1), α‐glycosidase (α‐Gly), butyrylcholine esterase (BChE), acetylcholine esterase (AChE) enzymes activities in the brain, heart, liver, testis, and kidney tissues of rats. CA activities were significantly decreased in testis, liver, and heart tissues of rats given HSP, SA, SA+HSP‐100, and SA+HSP‐200 compared to control (p < 0.05). In liver tissue, AChE and BChE enzymes activities were significantly reduced given in all groups. In all tissues, α‐Gly activity was reduced given in all groups. In the current study, aldose reductase enzyme activity was reduced significantly in testis, brain, and heart tissues of all groups compared to standard (p < 0.05). PON1 enzyme activity was increased significantly in kidney and liver tissues of rats HSP groups and decreased SA groups compared to control. Practical applications α‐Glycosidase is the key enzyme involved in the digestion of the carbohydrate. Another enzyme α‐amylase hydrolyzes the α‐linked polysaccharide derivatives into oligosaccharide molecules, and α‐glycosidase enzymes, which are characterized in small intestine, catalyze the final stage in the digestive mechanism of carbohydrate molecule to release absorbable monosaccharides like glucose. Conforming to the cholinergic hypothesis, impairment of the cholinergic pathways plays a good role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases like depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) problems with the regulation of traumatic brain injury and sleep. The AD is the main reason for dementia disease, and mild to moderate cases are generally treated with AChE inhibitors. Human CA inhibitor compounds are clinically used for more than 70 years as antiglaucoma and diuretics drugs.

The effects of zingerone against vancomycin‐induced lung, liver, kidney and testis toxicity in rats: The behavior of some metabolic enzymes

“…Another study, the effects of hesperidin and sodium arsenite were studied on some metabolic enzymes administered to rats. They showed that studied enzymes activity was reduced given in all groups …”

“…AR inhibition may be preventing oxidative stress using natural chemicals . Recently, there have been several research on the effects of phenolic compounds on glucose metabolism, particularly the polyol pathway .…”

The behaviour of some antihypertension drugs on human serum paraoxonase-1: an important protector enzyme against atherosclerosis

“…The paraoxonase (PON) enzyme family consist of three members: PON1, PON2 and PON3 PON1 is the most studied enzyme of this family within mammalian enzymes. This enzyme is related to high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), which is calcium dependent and has a molecular weight of 43–45 kDa .…”

“…This enzyme is related to high-density lipoprotein (HDL), which is calcium dependent and has a molecular weight of 43-45 kDa. [15,16] PON' gets the name from paraoxon, which is one of the most widely used in-vitro substrate. [17] In addition, it hydrolyses aromatic carboxyl esters, cyclic carbonate esters thiolactones and lactones, and some organophosphate-derived nerve agents such as pesticide diazoxon, sarin and soman.…”

New Isoindole‐1,3‐dione Substituted Sulfonamides as Potent Inhibitors of Carbonic Anhydrase and Acetylcholinesterase: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation

“…AChE is responsible for decreasing the levels of acetylcholine (ACh) in the synaptic gap. The inhibition of AChE maintains most of the ACh levels in space, thereby increasing the transmission of electrical impulses . Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by severe memory loss and other intellectual abilities that may affect daily life.…”