“…However, to date, there is no statistical theory for the assessment of individuals' cognitive skills in the collaborative context. Because cognitive skills are not currently assessed using CPS tasks, the evaluation of learning outcomes attributable to CPS continues to rely on traditional methods of assessment, such as, multiple-choice examinations administered in a pretest and posttest design (Cooper, Cox, Nammouz, Case, & Stevens, 2008;Crouch & Mazur, 2001;Deslauriers, Schelew, & Wieman, 2011;Dillenbourg, Järvelä, & Fischer, 2009;Gilles & Adrian, 2003;Kirschner, Pass, Kirschner, & Janssen, 2011;Koedinger, McLaughlin, & Heffernan, 2010;Kolloffel, Eysink, & Jong, 2011;Noroozi, Weinberger, Biemans, Teasley, & Mulder, 2012;Prinsen,Terwel, Zijlstra, & Volman, 2013;Sandi-Urena, Cooper, & Stevens, 2012). This approach to evaluation ignores the wealth of data made available by the collaborative activities themselves, essentially throwing away copious amounts of information that can provide the basis for a much more detailed analysis of what students know and what they can do with their knowledge.…”