The effects of glucose and cyclic GMP on RNA synthesis and nuclear morphology in starved rats

Goldberg, Melvin L.; Biava, Claude G.

doi:10.1016/0005-2787(76)90272-0

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Feeding carbohydrate to food-deprived animals was associated with a significant increase in hepatic ATP concentrations. This is not surprising, because effects of carbohydrate feeding on hepatic ATP concentrations are well known (30). ATP was not affected in other tissues examined (Table 2).…”

Section: Ajp-endocrinol Metabmentioning

confidence: 76%

Leucine is a direct-acting nutrient signal that regulates protein synthesis in adipose tissue

Lynch

Patson

Anthony

et al. 2002

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

149

143

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In freshly isolated rat adipocytes, leucine or its analog norleucine activates the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-signaling pathway. This results in phosphorylation of the ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein-1 (4E-BP1), two proteins involved in the initiation phase of protein synthesis. The purpose of the studies reported herein was to address the question of whether or not these in vitro effects of leucine and norleucine on adipocytes could be extended to the intact animal and to other tissues. To accomplish this, food-deprived (18 h) male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered solutions (2.5 ml/100 g body wt) containing normal saline (0.9% NaCl), a carbohydrate mixture (26.2% d-glucose and 26.2% sucrose), leucine (5.4%), or norleucine (5.4%). The protein synthetic responses of adipose tissue were measured and compared with those of other tissues. In addition, S6K1 and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation was measured, as was the plasma concentration of insulin and tissue ATP concentrations. Leucine administration stimulated protein synthesis in adipose tissue, gastrocnemius, and kidney but not in liver and heart. Norleucine stimulated protein synthesis in all of the tissues tested but, in contrast to leucine, without affecting plasma insulin concentrations. The carbohydrate meal had no effect on protein synthesis in any tissue tested but elicited a robust increase in plasma insulin. These findings provide support for a role of leucine as a direct-acting nutrient signal for stimulation of protein synthesis in adipose tissue as well as other select tissues. In adipose tissue, the effects of the different treatment conditions on the acute regulation of protein synthesis closely correlated with changes in phosphorylation of S6K1 and 4E-BP1; however, this correlation did not exist in all tissues examined. This result implies that leucine or norleucine may acutely stimulate protein synthesis, at least in some tissues, by a mechanism that is independent of both S6K1 and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation.

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Section: Ajp-endocrinol Metabmentioning

confidence: 76%

Leucine is a direct-acting nutrient signal that regulates protein synthesis in adipose tissue

Lynch

Patson

Anthony

et al. 2002

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

149

143

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“…In the 1970s, high-glucose diets were observed to increase hepatic ATP levels and remodel nucleoli structure without altering the global phosphorylation of nuclear proteins. 9 In contrast, under acute nutrient starvation, a ciliated protozoan ( Tetrahymena pyriformis ) showed pronounced phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6. 10 , 11 Another pioneering study demonstrated that short-term amino acid starvation of Landschutz tumor cells increased the phosphorylation of nuclear acidic proteins but not histones.…”

Section: A Historical View Of Metabolite Sensing and Signalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolite sensing and signaling in cell metabolism

Wang

Lei

2018

Sig Transduct Target Ther

142

116

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Metabolite sensing is one of the most fundamental biological processes. During evolution, multilayered mechanisms developed to sense fluctuations in a wide spectrum of metabolites, including nutrients, to coordinate cellular metabolism and biological networks. To date, AMPK and mTOR signaling are among the best-understood metabolite-sensing and signaling pathways. Here, we propose a sensor-transducer-effector model to describe known mechanisms of metabolite sensing and signaling. We define a metabolite sensor by its specificity, dynamicity, and functionality. We group the actions of metabolite sensing into three different modes: metabolite sensor-mediated signaling, metabolite-sensing module, and sensing by conjugating. With these modes of action, we provide a systematic view of how cells sense sugars, lipids, amino acids, and metabolic intermediates. In the future perspective, we suggest a systematic screen of metabolite-sensing macromolecules, high-throughput discovery of biomacromolecule-metabolite interactomes, and functional metabolomics to advance our knowledge of metabolite sensing and signaling. Most importantly, targeting metabolite sensing holds great promise in therapeutic intervention of metabolic diseases and in improving healthy aging.

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“… 244 Sensing glucose levels may result in cellular remodeling of nucleoli structure. 245 Amino acid starvation was observed to increase phosphorylation of nuclear acidic proteins. 246 …”

Section: Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Principles for the design of multicellular engineered living systems

et al. 2022

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Remarkable progress in bioengineering over the past two decades has enabled the formulation of fundamental design principles for a variety of medical and non-medical applications. These advancements have laid the foundation for building multicellular engineered living systems (M-CELS) from biological parts, forming functional modules integrated into living machines. These cognizant design principles for living systems encompass novel genetic circuit manipulation, self-assembly, cell–cell/matrix communication, and artificial tissues/organs enabled through systems biology, bioinformatics, computational biology, genetic engineering, and microfluidics. Here, we introduce design principles and a blueprint for forward production of robust and standardized M-CELS, which may undergo variable reiterations through the classic design-build-test-debug cycle. This Review provides practical and theoretical frameworks to forward-design, control, and optimize novel M-CELS. Potential applications include biopharmaceuticals, bioreactor factories, biofuels, environmental bioremediation, cellular computing, biohybrid digital technology, and experimental investigations into mechanisms of multicellular organisms normally hidden inside the “black box” of living cells.

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The effects of glucose and cyclic GMP on RNA synthesis and nuclear morphology in starved rats

Cited by 10 publications

References 61 publications

Leucine is a direct-acting nutrient signal that regulates protein synthesis in adipose tissue

Leucine is a direct-acting nutrient signal that regulates protein synthesis in adipose tissue

Metabolite sensing and signaling in cell metabolism

Principles for the design of multicellular engineered living systems

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