“…The added cohesion from clay sediment causes individual particles in a water column to stick together to form aggregates or flocs, which are very fragile (Guo et al., 2017; Mietta et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2018). Flocculation of natural mud has a great potential to alter flocs with sizes, densities, and shapes (and thus settling velocity) that are vastly different from original constitutive primary particles (Berlamont et al., 1993; Ducoste, 2002; Maggi, 2005), which will further influence sediment transport processes, including floc deposition or settling, sediment consolidation or perturbation, and erosion or initiation (Tran et al., 2018; Xu et al., 2020; Xu & Dong, 2017). These may have a significant impact on coastal morphology and hydrodynamics and thus influence ecosystems in coastal, riverine, and oceanic environments (Cuthbertson et al., 2010; Guo et al., 2017, 2018; Hu et al., 2020; Pan et al., 2022).…”