The Effects of Fish Oil Supplementation in Pregnancy on Breast Milk Fatty Acid Composition Over the Course of Lactation: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Dunstan, Janet; Mitoulas, Leon R.; Dixon, Glenys; Doherty, Dorota; Hartmann, Peter; Simmer, Karen; Prescott, Susan L.

doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e318159a93a

Cited by 126 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The second limitation is that we were not able to estimate PUFA levels throughout breastfeeding duration, since mature breast milk was not collected in the EDEN study. Both randomized controlled trials and observational studies support that PUFA levels vary during the course of lactation, depending on maternal diet and fat storage, as well as genetic determinants of de novo biosynthesis (17)(18)(19)(20). In our analysis, we used PUFA levels in colostrum as a proxy of postnatal PUFA exposure, considering that women with higher levels of a given PUFA in colostrum are likely to remain with higher levels in mature milk compared to their counterparts, as long as they keep on the same type of diet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between linoleic acid levels in colostrum and child cognition at 2 and 3 y in the EDEN cohort

et al. 2015

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Background: Breastfeeding has been associated with improved cognitive development. This may be explained by polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of breast milk, especially long-chain (LC) PUFA that are needed for postnatal brain growth. Methods: Using data from the French EDEN cohort, we aimed to study whether the PUFA content of colostrum may explain observed associations between breastfeeding duration and cognitive scores at 2 and 3 y. A total of 709 breastfed children with available data on PUFA composition of milk were assessed using parent-reported questionnaires for motor and language at 2 y of age, or global cognition at 3 y. Multiple linear regressions were used to examine associations between PUFA levels and child cognitive scores, after controlling for many confounders. results: We found no association between LCPUFA levels in colostrum and child development. However, levels of linoleic acid (LA) were negatively associated with motor and cognitive scores, independently of breastfeeding duration. Children breastfed with the highest levels of LA tended to score closer to the never breastfed children than children breastfed with the lowest levels of LA. conclusion: Our findings suggest that too high levels of LA in colostrum are associated with poorer child development at 2 and 3 y.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between linoleic acid levels in colostrum and child cognition at 2 and 3 y in the EDEN cohort

et al. 2015

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“…These observations are in contrast to results from previous studies, which mainly, but not consistent, suggest that maternal fish intake during pregnancy protects against the development of childhood asthma and atopy. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Observational studies in large cohorts observed lower incidence of eczema in offspring of mothers with the highest fish consumption during pregnancy, 19,21 but not lower incidences of wheezing or asthma. In the Netherlands, fish consumption is relatively low, which can explain the differences in the observations.…”

Section: Maternal Fish Consumption and Atopic Symptoms Etm Leermakersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only three studies assessed clinical outcomes, of which one study found a protective effect of fish oil supplementation on eczema, but not on asthma, 20 and another study found no effect at all. 10 Only one trial, performed in Denmark, observed a lower risk for both asthma and eczema if mothers received fish oil supplementation during pregnancy. 14 Thus, previous intervention studies did not provide consistent evidence for beneficial effects of maternal fish consumption or fish oil supplementation on clinical outcomes, such as asthma or atopic symptoms.…”

Section: Maternal Fish Consumption and Atopic Symptoms Etm Leermakersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 Many observational and interventional studies, explored the associations of maternal fish consumption or fish oil supplementation during pregnancy with the risks of childhood asthma and atopy. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Although these studies showed a protective effect on at least one outcome, they were not all able to adjust for potential confounders. Also, previous intervention studies differed in selection of participants, types of intervention and definition of outcome measures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maternal fish consumption during pregnancy and risks of wheezing and eczema in childhood: The Generation R Study

et al. 2013

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Maternal fish consumption during pregnancy might influence the fetal immune system through anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 fatty acids, and might affect the risks of childhood asthma and atopy. In Generation R, a prospective cohort study in the Netherlands, we examined the associations of first trimester fish consumption with childhood wheezing and eczema in the first 4 years of life. METHODS: In total, 2976 mothers completed a 293-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire covering dietary intake in the first trimester. The occurrence of wheezing and eczema was yearly assessed by questionnaires. RESULTS: Median weekly fish consumption was 83 (95% range 0-316) grams per week. We observed no consistent associations of maternal total-, lean-or fatty-fish consumption during pregnancy with the risks of childhood wheezing. Maternal shellfish consumption of 1-13 g per week was associated with overall increased risks of childhood wheezing and eczema (OR 1.20 (1.04, 1.40) and OR 1.18 (1.01, 1.37), respectively). Maternal fatty fish consumption of 35-69 g per week was associated with increased overall risks of childhood eczema (OR 1.17 (1.00, 1.38)), but maternal total-or lean-fish consumption was not. CONCLUSIONS: During pregnancy, shellfish consumption was associated with increased risks of wheezing and eczema, while fatty fish consumption was associated with a higher risk of eczema only. Maternal total fish or lean fish consumption were not associated with wheezing or eczema. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings and to explore underlying mechanisms.

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“…Thus, the type of dietary fat consumed during pregnancy will determine not only the fatty acid profile of the mother and the fetus, but also that of breast milk to be provided to the newborn 126 . In relation to this, maternal fish oil supplementation during gestation significantly increased breast milk content in LC n-3 PUFA (ref.…”

Section: Fatty Acids As Biocompounds: Their Role In Human Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty Acids as Biocompounds: Their Role in Human Metabolism, Health and Disease - A Review. Part 2: Fatty Acid Physiological Roles and Applications in Human Health and Disease

Kremmyda¹,

Tvrzická²,

Staňková³

et al. 2011

BIOMED PAP

150

134

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Background. This is the second of two review parts aiming at describing the major physiological roles of fatty acids, as well as their applications in specific conditions related to human health.Results. The review included the current literature published in Pubmed up to March 2011. In humans, fatty acids are a principle energy substrate and structural components of cell membranes (phospholipids) and second messengers. Fatty acids are also ligands of nuclear receptors affecting gene expression. Longer-chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and arachidonic acid are precursors of lipid mediators such as eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes), resolvins and neuroprotectins. Lipid mediators produced by EPA and DHA (LC n-3 PUFA; mainly found in oily fish) are considered as inflammation-resolving, and thus, fish oil has been characterised as antiinflammatory. Recommendations for EPA plus DHA intake from oily fish vary between 250-450 mg/day. Dietary reference values for fat vary between nutrition bodies, but mainly agree on a low total and saturated fat intake. The existing literature supports the protective effects of LC n-3 PUFA (as opposed to n-6 PUFA and saturated fat) in maternal and offspring health, cardiovascular health, insulin sensitivity, the metabolic syndrome, cancer, critically ill patients, and immune system disorders.Conclusion. Fatty acids are involved in multiple pathways and play a major role in health. Further investigation and a nutrigenomics approach to the effects of these biocompounds on health and disease development are imperative and highlight the importance of environmental modifications on disease outcome.humans. Thus, these FA may be characterised as conditionally essential depending on EFA availability. Genetic variation in human desaturase genes affects FA metabolism, plasma lipid profiles, and risk of disease development [5][6][7] . Recommendations for minimum dietary intake of EPA plus DHA vary between 250-450 mg/day 8 , especially for pregnant women and those of reproductive age. Rich sources of LC n-3 PUFA are fish oils and the flesh of oily fish, whereas non-oily (white) fish contain them but in lower amounts.Long-chain PUFA with 18-20 carbon atoms, including EPA and AA, are precursors of eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leucotrienes and thromboxanes), which have a broad scale of regulatory, autocrine and paracrine effects. Long-chain PUFA with 20 and 22 carbon atoms are precursors of autacoids -resolvins (resolution phase interaction products), lipoxins and neuroprotectins 9 . FA are also ligands of nuclear receptors which take part in the subcellular control of metabolic pathways. Covalent modification of proteins by FA acylation enables their incorporation into membranes. Hydroxy FA are activators of some nuclear factors and are responsible for the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1,

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The Effects of Fish Oil Supplementation in Pregnancy on Breast Milk Fatty Acid Composition Over the Course of Lactation: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Cited by 126 publications

References 16 publications

The association between linoleic acid levels in colostrum and child cognition at 2 and 3 y in the EDEN cohort

The association between linoleic acid levels in colostrum and child cognition at 2 and 3 y in the EDEN cohort

Maternal fish consumption during pregnancy and risks of wheezing and eczema in childhood: The Generation R Study

Fatty Acids as Biocompounds: Their Role in Human Metabolism, Health and Disease - A Review. Part 2: Fatty Acid Physiological Roles and Applications in Human Health and Disease

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