The Effects of Fetal Gender on Serum Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Testosterone in Normotensive and Preeclamptic Pregnancies

Lorzadeh, Nahid; Kazemirad, Sirous

doi:10.1155/2012/874290

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The mechanism linking the two hormonal axes is poorly understood and, interestingly, has not been considered or explored during pregnancy. Increased T levels in the maternal circulation at third trimester have been associated with the incidence of PE, suggesting T as a predictive marker ( Ghorashi and Sheikhvatan, 2008 ; Lorzadeh and Kazemirad, 2012 ; Sharifzadeh et al , 2012 ; Simsek et al , 2012 ). In this context, placentae from preeclamptic pregnancies have higher expression levels of AR in both male and female fetuses ( Sathishkumar et al , 2012 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Androgens in pregnancy: roles in parturition

Makieva

Saunders

Norman

2014

Human Reproduction Update

179

143

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BACKGROUNDUnderstanding the physiology of pregnancy enables effective management of pregnancy complications that could otherwise be life threatening for both mother and fetus. A functional uterus (i) retains the fetus in utero during pregnancy without initiating stretch-induced contractions and (ii) is able to dilate the cervix and contract the myometrium at term to deliver the fetus. The onset of labour is associated with successful cervical remodelling and contraction of myometrium, arising from concomitant activation of uterine immune and endocrine systems. A large body of evidence suggests that actions of local steroid hormones may drive changes occurring in the uterine microenvironment at term. Although there have been a number of studies considering the potential role(s) played by progesterone and estrogen at the time of parturition, the bio-availability and effects of androgens during pregnancy have received less scrutiny. The aim of this review is to highlight potential roles of androgens in the biology of pregnancy and parturition.METHODSA review of published literature was performed to address (i) androgen concentrations, including biosynthesis and clearance, in maternal and fetal compartments throughout gestation, (ii) associations of androgen concentrations with adverse pregnancy outcomes, (iii) the role of androgens in the physiology of cervical remodelling and finally (iv) the role of androgens in the physiology of myometrial function including any impact on contractility.RESULTSSome, but not all, androgens increase throughout gestation in maternal circulation. The effects of this increase are not fully understood; however, evidence suggests that increased androgens might regulate key processes during pregnancy and parturition. For example, androgens are believed to be critical for cervical remodelling at term, in particular cervical ripening, via regulation of cervical collagen fibril organization. Additionally, a number of studies highlight potential roles for androgens in myometrial relaxation via non-genomic, AR-independent pathways critical for the pregnancy reaching term. Understanding of the molecular events leading to myometrial relaxation is an important step towards development of novel targeted tocolytic drugs.CONCLUSIONSThe increase in androgen levels throughout gestation is likely to be important for establishment and maintenance of pregnancy and initiation of parturition. Further investigation of the underlying mechanisms of androgen action on cervical remodelling and myometrial contractility is needed. The insights gained may facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches to manage pregnancy complications such as preterm birth.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Androgens in pregnancy: roles in parturition

Makieva

Saunders

Norman

2014

Human Reproduction Update

179

143

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“…Urination, with clear watery secretions from the urethra, is often a known complication of the infection. Ulceration usually occurs 4‐7 days after the first infection, and the symptoms are similar to that of cold, such as fever, sore throat, and lumbago swelling 6 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of genital herpes using olive leaf extract

Lorzadeh

Kazemirad

2020

Clinical Case Reports

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“…It was also reported that serum PAPPA levels in the first trimester and β‐HCG in the second trimester were associated with PE 11,12 . Furthermore, there was a correlation between maternal serum β‐HCG, T levels, and PE previously reported 27,28 . Both β‐HCG itself and percentage of predicted β‐HCG were shown to have a negative regression on estriol, but not on 17β‐estradiol 29 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Serum estradiol to testosterone ratio as a novel predictor of severe preeclampsia in the first trimester

Shen

Cao

Yao

et al. 2022

J of Clinical Hypertension

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Preeclampsia (PE) is the most common medical complication during pregnancy and the second leading cause of maternal death worldwide. However, a better predictive model of PE remains to be explored. A total of 15 severe preeclampsia (sPE) and 75 healthy control patients were included in this study. Patient data was obtained from September 2019 to September 2021. Nuchal translucency (NT) and crown-rump length (CRL) of the fetus were acquired by ultrasound. Maternal blood samples were collected at 11 +0 to 13 +6 weeks of gestation. Chemiluminescent immunoassays were used to detect serum testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) levels. Time-resolved fluorescence analysis was used to examine the levels of serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPPA) and β-human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-HCG) protein. The sPE group exhibited increased T levels, and decreased E2 levels and E2/T ratios from 11 to 14 weeks of gestation, compared with the control group. E2 and the E2/T ratio showed positive linear correlation with CRL in pregnant women. Body-mass-index (BMI), T, and E2 were determined to be the main factors that affected the occurrence of sPE at the 12week gestation period time point. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve revealed that the AUC of the E2/T ratio was .717. The imbalanced T and E2 levels in the patients had a specific intrinsic relevance with sPE, which suggests them as novel predictors of the sPE.

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The Effects of Fetal Gender on Serum Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Testosterone in Normotensive and Preeclamptic Pregnancies

Cited by 11 publications

References 25 publications

Androgens in pregnancy: roles in parturition

Androgens in pregnancy: roles in parturition

Treatment of genital herpes using olive leaf extract

Serum estradiol to testosterone ratio as a novel predictor of severe preeclampsia in the first trimester

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