The Effects of Fenugreek Seed on Glycemic Parameters: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta- analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Abstract

Purpose The presented comprehensive review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials aimed to analyze the effectiveness of fenugreek on fasting blood glucose (FBS), 2h postprandial glucose (2hPPG), Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), Insulin and Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Methods A systematic literature search of the several databases was performed from inception to 30 October 2023, for controlled clinical trials. Data were analysed using the random-effect model, and presented as weighted (WMD) or standardized (SMD) mean difference and associated 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity between studies assessed using the Cochrane χ2 test. To identify the source of heterogeneity, meta-regression, subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis used. Funnel plot, Egger's and Begg's tests also used to evaluate publication bias. Results A total of 26 RCTs met the eligibility criteria. The results indicated signifcant improving effects of fenugreek on FBS (WMD: − 16.75 mg/dL; 95% CI: − 23.36, − 10.15; P < 0.001), PPG (WMD: − 22.28 mg/dL; 95% CI: − 34.42 to − 10.15; P < 0.001; I² (%): 95.1%, P < 0.001), HbA1C levels (WMD: − 0.63 mg/dL; 95% CI: − 0.76 to − 0.51; P < 0.001), and insulin (SMD: − 0.42; 95% CI: − 0.79 to − 0.05; P = 0.026). However, the effect on HOMA-IR was not significant (WMD: -22.28 mg/dL; 95% CI: − 0.84 to 0.02; P = 0.061). Conclusion The overall results support possible protective and therapeutic effects of fenugreek on glycemic parameters. Future studies with higher quality are necessary to confirm the results of the present meta-analyses.