The effects of face cooling during hyperthermic exercise in man: evidence for an integrated thermal, neuroendocrine and behavioural response

Mündel, Toby; Bunn, Sabrina J.; Hooper, Paula; Jones, David A.

doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2006.034934

Cited by 66 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(71 reference statements)

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“…Other studies have investigated the role of sensory mechanisms in the face. Mundel et al (2007) investigated spraying cold water (~4 °C) on the face during exercise at 65% VO 2peak for 40 min in the heat (33 °C, 27% humidity). Heart rate was five beats/min lower with facial cooling, and both rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and thermal comfort were also lower.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Beverage Temperature on Exercise Performance in the Heat: A Systematic Review

Burdon

O’Connor²,

Gifford³

et al. 2010

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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Purpose: Increased core temperature (T c ), impaired cardiovascular function, and dehydration contribute to fatigue during prolonged exercise in the heat. Although many studies have examined mechanisms addressing these factors, few have investigated the effect of cold beverage temperature on thermoregulation and exercise performance in the heat. Methods: Citations from MEDLINE (Ovid), Sport Discus (EBSCOhost), AUSPORT and AusportMed (Informit), Web of Science, and SCOPUS were identified from the earliest record until September 2008 using the search terms drink temperature, beverage temperature, fluid temperature, water temperature, and cold fluid combined with body temperature and thermoregulation. To be included, studies needed to assess core or rectal temperature during exercise in moderate or hot environmental conditions. After quality rating was completed by two reviewers, the difference in mean T c and exercise performance was calculated. Results: Ten studies meeting search inclusion criteria were available for analysis. Three were excluded because sufficient detail or statistical data were not reported. A meta-analysis was not performed because the studies were deemed too different to group. Three of the remaining 7 studies found modulated T c with cold beverage consumption, and from the 4 that conducted exercise performance tests, performance improved by 10% with cold fluids. Conclusion: Cold fluid may attenuate T c rise and improve exercise performance in the heat; however, study findings are mixed. Research using well-trained athletes and fluid-ingestion protocols replicating competition scenarios is required. Potential sensory effects of cold fluid in maintaining motivation also need to be assessed as a mechanism underpinning improved performance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Beverage Temperature on Exercise Performance in the Heat: A Systematic Review

Burdon

O’Connor²,

Gifford³

et al. 2010

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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“…6 However, they induced passive heat stress with water immersion, in which the head and face are not heated directly. 6,10 Whole-body heat stress that includes the head and face (ie, heat stress chamber) might effectively modulate cardiovascular, hormonal, and protective chaperones (extracellular HSP72). For example, cardiovascular work increases to stabilize blood pressure during heat-induced skin vasodilation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Stress and Cardiovascular, Hormonal, and Heat Shock Proteins in Humans

Iguchi

Littmann

Chang

et al. 2012

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Conditions such as osteoarthritis, obesity, and spinal cord injury limit the ability of patients to exercise, preventing them from experiencing many well-documented physiologic stressors. Recent evidence indicates that some of these stressors might derive from exercise-induced body temperature increases.Objective: To determine whether whole-body heat stress without exercise triggers cardiovascular, hormonal, and extracellular protein responses of exercise.Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: University research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-five young, healthy adults (13 men, 12 women; age = 22.1 ± 2.4 years, height = 175.2 ± 11.6 cm, mass = 69.4 ± 14.8 kg, body mass index = 22.6 ± 4.0) volunteered.Intervention(s): Participants sat in a heat stress chamber with heat (73°C) and without heat (26°C) stress for 30 minutes on separate days. We obtained blood samples from a subset of 13 participants (7 men, 6 women) before and after exposure to heat stress.Main Outcome Measure(s): Extracellular heat shock protein (HSP72) and catecholamine plasma concentration, heart rate, blood pressure, and heat perception. Results: After 30 minutes of heat stress, body temperature measured via rectal sensor increased by 0.8°C. Heart rate increased linearly to 131.4 ± 22.4 beats per minute (F 6,24 = 186, P < .001) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 16 mm Hg (F 6,24 = 10.1, P < .001) and 5 mm Hg (F 6,24 = 5.4, P < .001), respectively. Norepinephrine (F 1,12 = 12.1, P = .004) and prolactin (F 1,12 = 30.2, P < .001) increased in the plasma (58% and 285%, respectively) (P < .05). The HSP72 (F 1,12 = 44.7, P < .001) level increased with heat stress by 48.7% ± 53.9%. No cardiovascular or blood variables showed changes during the control trials (quiet sitting in the heat chamber with no heat stress), resulting in differences between heat and control trials.Conclusions: We found that whole-body heat stress triggers some of the physiologic responses observed with exercise. Future studies are necessary to investigate whether carefully prescribed heat stress constitutes a method to augment or supplement exercise.

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“…Hayashi and Tokura 48 found that body temperature during exercise was attenuated during approximately 60 minutes of cycling in a hot environment when head cooling was worn. In contrast, Mündel et al 49 and Ansley et al 50 discovered that body temperature postexercise was unchanged when head cooling was used compared with no cooling. The effect of head cooling on exercise performance is limited, although evidence does support its use in increasing time to fatigue.…”

Section: Head Coolingmentioning

confidence: 97%

Body-Cooling Paradigm in Sport: Maximizing Safety and Performance During Competition

Adams

Hosokawa

Casa

2016

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

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Context: Although body cooling has both performance and safety benefits, knowledge on optimizing cooling during specific sport competition is limited. Objectives: To identify when, during sport competition, it is optimal for body cooling and to identify optimal body-cooling modalities to enhance safety and maximize sport performance. Evidence Acquisition: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify articles with specific context regarding body cooling, sport performance, and cooling modalities used during sport competition. A search of scientific peer-reviewed literature examining the effects of body cooling on exercise performance was done to examine the influence of body cooling on exercise performance. Subsequently, a literature search was done to identify effective cooling modalities that have been shown to improve exercise performance. Evidence Synthesis: The cooling modalities that are most effective in cooling the body during sport competition depend on the sport, timing of cooling, and feasibility based on the constraints of the sports rules and regulations. Factoring in the length of breaks (halftime substitutions, etc), the equipment worn during competition, and the cooling modalities that offer the greatest potential to cool must be considered in each individual sport. Conclusions: Scientific evidence supports using body cooling as a method of improving performance during sport competition. Developing a strategy to use cooling modalities that are scientifically evidence-based to improve performance while maximizing athlete's safety warrants further investigation. Keywords: cooling modality, body temperature, cooling rate, review Athletes competing in competitive sports strive to maximize athletic performance (increased strength, faster completion times in timed aerobic and anaerobic events, increased cognition in sport-specific skills, and increased exercise capacity in competitions of set time duration) to perform at the highest level. During competition, especially in the heat, it is not uncommon for athletes to reach body temperatures in the range of 39°C to 40°C, which could have negative effects on performance and increase the risk of heat illness. 1,2 To combat these potentially deleterious effects, athletes often use various body-cooling techniques to lower or mitigate the rise in body temperature during competition.There are currently 2 hypotheses that account for the negative physiological and performance effects that increasing body temperature has on athletic performance: the critical-temperature hypothesis and the anticipatory hypothesis. The critical-temperature hypothesis centers on the concept that the body will decrease intensity when body temperature reaches a "critical threshold" of 40°C to prevent exertional heat stroke (EHS) from occurring. 1,3,4 The anticipatory model states that the brain will anticipate the increase in body temperature and thus alter intensity during exercise to prevent body temperature from reaching unsafe levels. [5][6][7] In both theories, exe...

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The effects of face cooling during hyperthermic exercise in man: evidence for an integrated thermal, neuroendocrine and behavioural response

Cited by 66 publications

References 37 publications

Influence of Beverage Temperature on Exercise Performance in the Heat: A Systematic Review

Influence of Beverage Temperature on Exercise Performance in the Heat: A Systematic Review

Heat Stress and Cardiovascular, Hormonal, and Heat Shock Proteins in Humans

Body-Cooling Paradigm in Sport: Maximizing Safety and Performance During Competition

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