The effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on c-Maf, STAT6, and RORα expressions in spleen and thymus of rat

Mahaki, Hanie; Jabarivasal, Naghi; Sardarian, Khosro; Zamani, Alireza

doi:10.1080/15368378.2019.1608832

Cited by 9 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…As the most important immune organs in mammals, spleen and thymus are the places where immune cells grow and proliferate ( Zhang et al, 2012 ). The developmental status of the spleen and thymus directly affects immune function and disease resistance ( Duan et al, 2017 ; Sasaguri et al, 2017 ; Mahaki et al, 2019 ). The results of this experiment showed that the spleen and thymus indexes of the high, moderate and low dose Lvjiaobuxue granule groups were significantly higher than those of the model group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Branched-Chain Amino Acids Catabolism Pathway Regulation Plays a Critical Role in the Improvement of Leukopenia Induced by Cyclophosphamide in 4T1 Tumor-Bearing Mice Treated With Lvjiaobuxue Granule

et al. 2021

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Background: Cyclophosphamide is a common tumor chemotherapy drug used to treat various cancers. However, the resulting immunosuppression leads to leukopenia, which is a serious limiting factor in clinical application. Therefore, the introduction of immunomodulators as adjuvant therapy may help to reduce the hematological side effects of cyclophosphamide. Lvjiaobuxue granule has been widely used in the clinical treatment of gynecological diseases such as anemia and irregular menstruation. Recently, it has been found to increase the function of white blood cells, but its mechanism of action is still unclear. We aimed to reveal the mechanisms of Lvjiaobuxue granule against acute leukopenia by an integrated strategy combining metabolomics with network pharmacology.Methods: Subcutaneously inoculated 4T1 breast cancer cells to prepare tumor-bearing mice, intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide to establish a 4T1 tumor-bearing mice leukopenia animal model, using pharmacodynamic indicators, metabolomics, network pharmacology and molecular biology and other technical methods. To comprehensively and systematically elucidate the effect and mechanism of Lvjiaobuxue granule in improving cyclophosphamide-induced leukopenia in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice.Results: Lvjiaobuxue granule can improve the blood routine parameters and organ index levels of the leukopenia model of 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. Metabolomics studies revealed that 15 endogenous metabolites in the spleen of mice were considered as potential biomarkers of Lvjiaobuxue granule for their protective effect. Metabonomics and network pharmacology integrated analysis indicated that Lvjiaobuxue granule exerted the leukocyte elevation activity by inhibiting the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) degradation pathway and increasing the levels of valine, leucine and isoleucine. The results of molecular biology also showed that Lvjiaobuxue granule can significantly regulate the key enzymes in the catabolism of BCAAs, which further illustrates the importance of BCAAs in improving leukopenia.Conclusion: Lvjiaobuxue granule exerts obvious pharmacological effects on the leukopenia model of 4T1 tumor-bearing mice induced by cyclophosphamide, which could be mediated by regulating the branched-chain amino acid degradation pathway and the levels of valine, leucine and isoleucine.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Branched-Chain Amino Acids Catabolism Pathway Regulation Plays a Critical Role in the Improvement of Leukopenia Induced by Cyclophosphamide in 4T1 Tumor-Bearing Mice Treated With Lvjiaobuxue Granule

et al. 2021

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“…It is shown that the effects of 50 Hz EMFs with 1-and 100-µT magnetic field flux density suppressed the serum level of IL-17 and expression of RORα, suggesting inhibitory effects of 50 Hz EMFs on inflammation. 28,30 In contrast, an in vivo study by Pena-Philippides, et al, investigated the effect of 50 Hz pulsed EMF with 0.1-µT magnetic field flux density was able to increase the expression of IL-9 and decrease the expression of IL-1α and TNF-α in ischemic brain damaged of C57BL/6 male mice. These effects indicated that 50 Hz pulsed EMF application could have a possible adjunctive treatment for stroke patients with down-regulation of major pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1α and TNF-α.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Various Densities of 50 Hz Electromagnetic Field on Serum IL-9, IL-10, and TNF-α Levels

Mahaki

Jabarivasal

Sardanian

et al. 2020

Int J Occup Environ Med

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Background: Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) are abundantly produced in modern societies. In recent years, interest in the possible effects of ELF-EMFs on the immune system has progressively increased. Objective: To examine the effects of ELF-EMFs with magnetic flux densities of 1, 100, 500, and 2000 µT on the serum levels of interleukin (IL)-9, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Methods: 80 adult male rats were exposed to ELF-EMFs at a frequency of 50 Hz for 2 h/day for 60 days. The serum cytokines were measured at two phases of pre- and post-stimulation of the immune system by human serum albumin (HSA). Results: Serum levels of IL-9 and TNF-α, as pro-inflammatory cytokines, were decreased due to 50 Hz EMFs exposure compared with the controls in the pre- and post-stimulation phases. On the contrary, exposures to 1 and 100 µT 50 Hz EMFs increased the levels of antiinflammatory cytokine, and IL-10 only in the pre-stimulation phase. In the post-stimulation phase, the mean level of serum IL-10 was not changed in the experimental groups. Conclusion: The magnetic flux densities of 1 and 100 µT 50 Hz EMFs had more immunological effects than EMFs with higher densities. Exposure to 50 Hz EMFs may activate anti-inflammatory effects in rats, by down-modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-9 and TNF-α) and induction of the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10).

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“…An ELF-MF Survey Meter (HI-3604, Holaday Ind., USA) was used to measure magnetic flux densities. The background magnetic flux densities in the animal and experimental labs were 0.07 ± 0.03, and 0.09 ± 0.04 µT, respectively (12)(13)(14)(15)(16).…”

Section: -Hz Mf Exposure Systemsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…To activate BM cells, all the rats received human serum albumin. The rats were fed with standard food pellets and drank tap water ad libitum (12)(13)(14)(15)(16). The protocol of the study was compliant with the national guidelines for using animals and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran (Code: UMSHA/P/16/35/9/6829).…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of 50-Hz Magnetic Fields on Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Regions in Bone Marrow Cells

Rafiee

Abbasi

Alikhani

et al. 2021

Avicenna J Pharm Res

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Background: Exposure to an increasing amount of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (MFs) causes some adverse effects. Considering a direct association between the sizes and numbers of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) and cell proliferation, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of 50-Hz MFs on the AgNORs of bone marrow (BM) cells. Methods: Eighty male rats were randomly divided into four exposed groups and one control group. The exposed groups received 50-Hz MFs with magnetic flux densities of 1, 100, 500, and 2000 µT two hours a day for two months. BM cells were aspirated from sacrificed rats’ femoral bones, smeared on glass slides, and then stained with silver nitrate for AgNORs. The area (AA), length (AL), and number (AN) of AgNORs were calculated by a microscope equipped with a camera and Scion Image software in 100 BM cells of each rat. The mean of AA, AL, and AN was computed for each group. Results: AA, AL, and AN significantly reduced in the 1 µT group compared with 2000 µT and control groups. Eventually, there was a nonlinear relationship between the effect of 50-Hz MFs and magnetic flux densities. Conclusion: Overall, 50-Hz MFs with a magnetic flux density of 1 µT reduced AgNORs in BM cells. However, 100, 500, and 2000 µT did not affect AgNORs. Therefore, 50-Hz MFs with low density may suppress BM cell proliferation.

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The effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on c-Maf, STAT6, and RORα expressions in spleen and thymus of rat

Cited by 9 publications

References 37 publications

Branched-Chain Amino Acids Catabolism Pathway Regulation Plays a Critical Role in the Improvement of Leukopenia Induced by Cyclophosphamide in 4T1 Tumor-Bearing Mice Treated With Lvjiaobuxue Granule

Branched-Chain Amino Acids Catabolism Pathway Regulation Plays a Critical Role in the Improvement of Leukopenia Induced by Cyclophosphamide in 4T1 Tumor-Bearing Mice Treated With Lvjiaobuxue Granule

Effects of Various Densities of 50 Hz Electromagnetic Field on Serum IL-9, IL-10, and TNF-α Levels

Effect of 50-Hz Magnetic Fields on Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Regions in Bone Marrow Cells

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