The Effects of Exposure to Catcalling on Women’s State Self-Objectification and Body Image

Fisher, Sophie; Lindner, Danielle; Ferguson, Christopher J.

doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9697-2

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…More broadly, higher levels of personal safety anxiety and restricted freedom of movement, in relation to sexual and self-objectification, directly challenge the supposition put forward by some researchers that experiences of sexual objectification are benign (e.g., Bogaert & Brotto, 2014; Fisher, Lindner, & Ferguson, 2019). If sexually objectifying treatment were benign or even benevolent (i.e., complimentary), then we would not expect to observe the sense of threat to safety manifested in personal safety anxiety in relation to those experiences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smile pretty and watch your back: Personal safety anxiety and vigilance in objectification theory.

Calogero

Tylka

Siegel

et al. 2021

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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that everyday encounters with sexual objectification carry a diffuse nonspecific sense of threat that engenders personal safety anxiety in women. In this article, we provide direct evidence for this tenet across 5 studies and 1,665 participants using multiple methods. Study 1 (N ϭ 207) and Study 2 (N ϭ 161) explored and confirmed the factor structure of the Personal Safety Anxiety and Vigilance Scale (PSAVS), a measure of personal safety anxiety, and provided evidence for the reliability and construct validity of its scores. Study 3 (N ϭ 363) showed that personal safety anxiety is a conceptually different construct for women and men, and differentially mediated the relation between sexual objectification and restricted freedom of movement and the relation between self-objectification and restricted freedom of movement for women and men. Study 4 (N ϭ 460) included a comprehensive test of personal safety anxiety within an expanded Objectification Theory model, which supported personal safety anxiety as a mediator of the links from sexual and self-objectification to women's restricted freedom of movement. Study 5 (N ϭ 474) replicated these results while also adjusting for specific fears of crime and rape. Our findings offer a newly validated assessment tool for future research on safety anxiety, illuminate the real and lasting sense of threat engendered by everyday sexual objectification, and broaden understanding of the mental and physical constraints on women's lived experiences posited in Objectification Theory.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smile pretty and watch your back: Personal safety anxiety and vigilance in objectification theory.

Calogero

Tylka

Siegel

et al. 2021

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…(. Catcalls are a form of verbal street harassment where a male stranger makes sexual comments about a woman passerby (Fisher, Lindner, and Ferguson, 2019). Catcalling is often understood as something to be laughed off rather than a discursive practice which works to enable other forms of harassment and contribute to women's subordinate position in society (Bates, 2016) and Lonely…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The subversion of women’s anger in travel guidebooks

Jeffrey

Stephens

2021

Annals of Leisure Research

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“…Specific vulnerable groups such as women are more exposed to online violence than other ones. Some research studies showed that there are many negative emotional, social and other outcomes of experiencing violence from many different points of view and that most victims significantly change their routines and behavior after an act of violence [44]. The changes in behavior are more obvious when the violence took place in public, especially for women and young girls who then start to avoid certain places, change the way they dress and look in public and very often begin to carry some tools in order to protect and defend themselves in public.…”

Section: Hypotheses Development Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research of Attitudes toward Online Violence—Significance of Online Media and Social Marketing in the Function of Violence Prevention and Behavior Evaluation

et al. 2020

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The main aim of this paper is to analyze attitudes toward online violence in order to identify the current state of this problem through psychosocial analysis, as well as the possibility of preventing this kind of violence through the prism of online media and social marketing. The authors developed a conceptual model and conducted an online quantitative research study. The survey was conducted among 277 respondents in Montenegro, which is a developing country and as such is experiencing transitions in many segments. The data were analyzed using standard statistical tests, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, logistic regression and the Relative Importance Index. The results of the research showed that specific vulnerable groups such as women are more exposed to online violence. The results of the logistic regression revealed that female respondents aged 18 to 24 were 76.3% more exposed to online violence than respondents over 55. Regarding the aspect of marital status, the results showed that divorced women were most exposed to online violence, 74% more than widows, while single respondents had a 54.2% greater chance of being a victim of online violence compared to widows. In terms of education, the results of the research highlighted that female respondents with a higher level of education were significantly less likely to be victims of online violence than those with a lower level of education. Respondents who had completed doctoral studies had a 48.6% lower chance of being victims of online violence compared to the respondents who had only completed high school. In terms of online media being used as a tool for spreading online violence, 36.89% of respondents identified Facebook, while 21.61% identified Instagram as the main medium of this type of violence. Thus, the research identified the necessity of continuous work focused on informing the population about online violence, as well as raising awareness about measures that should be carried out in order to reduce online violence, because of the significant influence of online media on forming attitudes toward online violence, which was confirmed by 85.19% of respondents. Furthermore, the results showed that online media—in particular, social marketing—may have a key role in the prevention of online violence, as its preventive role was confirmed by 96.76% of respondents. The findings of the research may be extremely useful for different policymakers in order to help them to better understand and identify cases of online violence, especially against women, as well as to create adequate strategies for its prevention through the prism of online media and social marketing.

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The Effects of Exposure to Catcalling on Women’s State Self-Objectification and Body Image

Cited by 18 publications

References 40 publications

Smile pretty and watch your back: Personal safety anxiety and vigilance in objectification theory.

Smile pretty and watch your back: Personal safety anxiety and vigilance in objectification theory.

The subversion of women’s anger in travel guidebooks

Research of Attitudes toward Online Violence—Significance of Online Media and Social Marketing in the Function of Violence Prevention and Behavior Evaluation

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