The Effects of Exercise on IL-6 Levels and Cognitive Performance in Patients with Schizophrenia

Gómez-Rubio, Pablo; Trapero, Isabel

doi:10.3390/diseases7010011

Cited by 28 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…A small number of studies showed that aerobic exercise significantly reduced IL‐6 and TNF‐α levels in MCI 32 as well as AD participants 36 . These findings are analogous to previous results of healthy individuals as well as patients with schizophrenia 55,56 . Among the proinflammatory cytokines, IL‐6 and TNF‐α are the most frequently investigated.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Effects of physical activities on dementia‐related biomarkers: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Moniruzzaman

Kadota

Akash

et al. 2020

A&D Transl Res & Clin Interv

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Introduction Physical activities (PA) may lead to improved cognition in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and dementia. The mechanisms mediating potential PA effects are unknown. Assessment of PA effects on relevant biomarkers may provide insights into mechanisms underlying potential PA effects on cognition. Methods We systematically reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that studied PA effects on biomarkers in MCI, AD, and dementia populations. We examined whether biological mechanisms were hypothesized to explain associations among PA, biomarkers, and cognitive functions. We used the PubMed database and searched for RCTs with PA until October 31, 2019. Results Of 653 studies examining changes in biomarkers in PA trials, 18 studies met inclusion criteria for the present review. Some studies found favorable effects of PA on neurotrophic and inflammatory biomarkers. AD pathological markers were rarely investigated, with inconclusive results. Most studies were relatively small in sample size, of limited duration, and not all studies compared the changes in biomarkers between the control and experimental groups. Discussion There is only limited use of potentially informative biomarkers in PA trials for MCI, AD, and dementia. Most studies did not examine the role of biomarkers to study associations between PA and cognitive functions in their analyses. Several potential biomarkers remain uninvestigated. Careful use of biomarkers may clarify mechanisms underlying PA effects on cognition. Our review serves as a useful resource for developing future PA RCTs aimed at improving cognitive functions in MCI, AD, and dementias.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Effects of physical activities on dementia‐related biomarkers: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Moniruzzaman

Kadota

Akash

et al. 2020

A&D Transl Res & Clin Interv

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“…IL-6 release is elevated during dynamic exercise 65 and thus explains the observed increased plasma IL-6 concentration observed at mid-point during this intervention. A review paper by Gómez-Rubio et al 66 summarised that in schizophrenia, regular exercise leads to a reduction in disease-associated IL-6 elevation, as was observed at the post-intervention measure in the present study.…”

Section: Inflammation and Redox Statussupporting

confidence: 79%

Exercise as a protective mechanism against the negative effects of oxidative stress in first-episode psychosis: a biomarker-led study

et al. 2020

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First-episode psychosis (FEP) is a psychiatric disorder, characterised by positive and negative symptoms, usually emerging during adolescence and early adulthood. FEP represents an early intervention opportunity for intervention in psychosis. Redox disturbance and subsequent oxidative stress have been linked to the pathophysiology of FEP. Exercise training can perturb oxidative stress and rebalance the antioxidant system and thus represents an intervention with the potential to interact with a mechanism of disease. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of exercise on markers of redox status in FEP. Twenty-two young men were recruited from Birmingham Early Intervention services and randomised to either a 12-week exercise programme or treatment as usual (control). Measures of blood and brain glutathione (GSH), markers of oxidative damage, inflammation, neuronal health, symptomology and habitual physical activity were assessed. Exercise training was protective against changes related to continued psychosis. Symptomatically, those in the exercise group showed reductions in positive and general psychopathology, and stable negative symptoms (compared to increased negative symptoms in the control group). Peripheral GSH was increased by 5.6% in the exercise group, compared to a significant decrease (24.4%) (p = 0.04) in the control group. Exercise attenuated negative changes in markers of neuronal function (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), lipid damage (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) and total antioxidant capacity. C-reactive protein and tumour necrosis factor-α also decreased in the exercise group, although protein and DNA oxidation were unchanged. Moderate-intensity exercise training has the ability to elicit changes in markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant concentration, with subsequent improvements in symptoms of psychosis.

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“…Improvement in sensory gating (PPI) of MIA rats-but worsening performance of controls-was evident both, after verum-and sham-iTBS applied in a therapeutic manner, indicating that effects of environmental factors are superior to iTBS effect in the Wistar rats used in this study and, most importantly, affect MIA and control rats differently. In translational terms these findings support the importance of experiences, like physical exercise, social and cognitive training and even enriched environments, as adjunct therapeutic interventions in treating schizophrenia symptoms in humans (Spielman et al, 2016;Girdler et al, 2019;Gómez-Rubio and Trapero, 2019;Maurus et al, 2019) besides the hopeful experiences originating from the care by a medical doctor and the clinical facilities.…”

Section: Final Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Effects of iTBS-rTMS on the Behavioral Phenotype of a Rat Model of Maternal Immune Activation

Rittweger

Ishorst

Barmashenko

et al. 2021

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is considered a promising therapeutic tool for treating neuropsychiatric diseases. Previously, we found intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) rTMS to be most effective in modulating cortical excitation-inhibition balance in rats, accompanied by improved cortical sensory processing and sensory learning performance. Using an animal schizophrenia model based on maternal immune activation (MIA) we tested if iTBS applied to either adult or juvenile rats can affect the behavioral phenotype in a therapeutic or preventive manner, respectively. In a sham-controlled fashion, iTBS effects in MIA rats were compared with rats receiving vehicle NaCl injection instead of the synthetic viral strand. Prior to iTBS, adult MIA rats showed deficits in sensory gating, as tested with prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex, and deficits in novel object recognition (NOR). No differences between MIA and control rats were evident with regard to signs of anxiety, anhedonia and depression but MIA rats were somewhat superior to controls during the training phase of Morris Water Maze (MWM) test. MIA but not control rats significantly improved in PPI following iTBS at adulthood but without significant differences between verum and sham application. If applied during adolescence, verum but not sham-iTBS improved NOR at adulthood but no difference in PPI was evident in rats treated either with sham or verum-iTBS. MIA and control rat responses to sham-iTBS applied at adulthood differed remarkably, indicating a different physiological reaction to the experimental experiences. Although verum-iTBS was not superior to sham-iTBS, MIA rats seemed to benefit from the treatment procedure in general, since differences—in relation to control rats declined or disappeared. Even if classical placebo effects can be excluded, motor or cognitive challenges or the entire handling procedure during the experiments appear to alleviate the behavioral impairments of MIA rats.

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The Effects of Exercise on IL-6 Levels and Cognitive Performance in Patients with Schizophrenia

Cited by 28 publications

References 49 publications

Effects of physical activities on dementia‐related biomarkers: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Effects of physical activities on dementia‐related biomarkers: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Exercise as a protective mechanism against the negative effects of oxidative stress in first-episode psychosis: a biomarker-led study

Effects of iTBS-rTMS on the Behavioral Phenotype of a Rat Model of Maternal Immune Activation

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