The effects of Electroshock Therapy on Mental Functions as Revealed by Psychological Tests

Brower, Daniel R.; Oppenheim, Sadi

doi:10.1080/00221309.1951.9918278

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In addition, Cronin et al (1970) and Strain et al (1968) compared the effects of the two treatments on scores obtained from the Revised Benton Visual Retention Test (Benton, 1963). As in earlier studies (Brower and Oppenheim, 1951;Cronholm and Molander, 1957), this index seemed to be quite insensitive to the effects of ECT on memory.…”

Section: Electrode Placementsupporting

confidence: 78%

The effects of electroconvulsive therapy on human learning and memory.

Robertson¹,

Inglis²

1977

Canadian Psychological Review / Psychologie Canadienne

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The effects of electroconvulsive therapy on human learning and memory are reviewed in terms of treatment variables (including number and frequency of treatments, characteristics of the convulsive agent, and different electrode placements), test procedures and task specific characteristics, and temporal parameters. Differences between the effects of bilateral and unilateral ECT may be due to the balance of verbal symbolic and nonverbal imaginal processes evoked by the range of stimuli used. Results have implications for the understanding of human brain-behaviour relationships, and for the cost-benefit evaluation of electrically induced convulsions as a form of psychiatric treatment. RESUME Analyse critique des effets produits par le traitement d'electrochoc sur I'apprentissage et la memoire: I'analyse touche aux variables du traitement (nombre et frequence des traitements, caracteristiques de I'electrochoc, disposition variee des electrodes), aux methodes de test et aux caracteristiques des taches, ainsi qu'aux parametres temporels. Les differences observees entre les effets produits par I'electrochoc bilateral ou unilateral peuvent etre dues a I'equilibre des processus symboliques verbaux et images non verbaux evoques par I'eventail res stimuli utilises. Les resultats ont des repercussions sur la comprehension des rapports entre le cervoau humain et le comportement ainsi que sur revaluation (couts et benefices) de I'electrochoc comme forme de traitement psychiatrique.

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Section: Electrode Placementsupporting

confidence: 78%

The effects of electroconvulsive therapy on human learning and memory.

Robertson¹,

Inglis²

1977

Canadian Psychological Review / Psychologie Canadienne

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confidence: 79%

Speed in Test Performance in Relation to Depressive Illness and Age

Weckowicz

Nutter

Cruise

et al. 1972

Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal

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Low speed, or retardation of motor, perceptual and cognitive functioning has been considered to be an important aspect of depressive illness, particularly in the form described as psychotic depression (10,11,22,24,26,29,30,32). However negative findings have also been reported. Thus, Hall and Stride (17) failed to find a difference in reaction times between depressive and normal controls. Friedman (12) found only a minimal effect of severe depression on cognitive functioning. Both Hall and Stride and also Friedman stressed the importance of matching the subjects for age and education, which had not been done in many previous studies. Age is a particularly important variable in relation to the speed of perception and more complex information processing (1,8,16,27). Friedman matched his depressed and nondepressed subjects carefully for age and education and administered to them a large battery of cognitive, perceptual and psychomotor tests. He found that although depressed patients subjectively assessed their performance as being very poor they were significantly impaired on only nine test scores out of eighty-two and only on three scores at the .01 level of significance. However he did not attempt to separate speed tests from power (level) tests. There is ample evidence that the power (level) factors of cognitive functioning are relatively independent of the speed factors (4,14,18,19,24,25,26). The perusal of Friedman's results suggests that most of the tests on which

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“…Weeks et al [1980] calculated on the basis of relevant publica tions [ Wilcox, 1954;Korin et al, 1956;Cronholm and Molander, 1964;Kendrick and Post, 1967;Halliday et al, 1968;Miller, 1970;Turek and Block, 1974;Squire and Chase, 1975;Stone, 1946;Hemsitx al., 1968;Brower and Oppenheim, 1951;Jackson, 1978;Hesheel al., 1978] that it takes 72 days on the average before cognitive values reach the same or a better level as before ECT; there are variations between 7 and 270 days though.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Results of Learning Experiments in the Course of Treatment of Endogenomorphic Depression

Schuster¹,

Opgenoorth²,

Gabriel³

et al. 1986

Psychopathology

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In this study we attempted to break down short-term effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on memory into anterograde and retrograde amnesia, and for the latter we again separated short-term store performances from those connected with the long-term store of memory. Our experiments included complicated learning tasks. Although impairment caused by ECT was demonstrable in all three test fields, complicated conditioning experiments stored in the long-term store proved to be most sensitive to the disturbing effect of ECT.

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The effects of Electroshock Therapy on Mental Functions as Revealed by Psychological Tests

Cited by 8 publications

References 24 publications

The effects of electroconvulsive therapy on human learning and memory.

The effects of electroconvulsive therapy on human learning and memory.

Speed in Test Performance in Relation to Depressive Illness and Age

Results of Learning Experiments in the Course of Treatment of Endogenomorphic Depression

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