The effects of electronic controlled steam injection on spark ignition engine

Investigation of the influences of steam injection on the equilibrium combustion products and thermodynamic properties of bio fuels (biodiesels and alcohols)

“…There are various methods so as to reduce NOx emissions such as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), the water usage methods (direct water injection (DWI), fumigation, emulsion). Since EGR decrease the engine performance considerably [31,32], classical water usage methods lower the quality of lubrication oil and increase the attrition rate of moving parts of the engine [33], recently, steam injection method has been proposed and used by engine researchers [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][43][44][45] in order to reduce NOx emissions and improve the engine performance.…”

“…In this study, a verified simulation code with experimental studies [37][38][39][43][44][45][46] and computer programs [40] have been used to determine and compare the combustion characteristics of bio fuels and conventional diesel fuel. In the literature, there is no such a comprehensive study examining the influences of steam injection on the characteristics of bio fuel combustion.…”

Thermodynamics of indirect water injection in internal combustion engines: theoretical assessment of the fresh mixture cooling effect

“…In order to assess the interest of water injection on atmospheric engines operating at high altitudes, but also on engines using forced induction processes, the influence of the intake valve pressure p 2 = p 1 -according to hypothesis H7 -on the same parameters is presented in Figure 6, with 0.5 bar ≤ p i ≤ 2.5 bar. As it was already visible in Equation (11), the intake pressure p 2 has a similar influence as the specific water content ω 1 : it decreases the temperature drop |θ wb − θ 1 | when increasing.…”

“…It is clearly visible in the same figure that WFR eq is primarily influenced by the intake manifold temperature θ 1 : the higher θ 1 , the higher WFR eq because of a higher value of the corresponding equilibrium pressure p eq , and thus of the maximum specific water content ω vap,eq (see Equation (11) or Figure 3). Hence, the hotter the surroundings, the larger the amount of liquid water to inject into the fresh mixture in order to reach WFR eq .…”

“…Water is injected as a liquid downstream of the fuel, as represented in Figure 1, although the opposite situation sometimes occurs, as presented in references [10] or [11] for instance. This hypothesis is justified by the low proportion of fuel within the fresh mixture, that induces an insignificant effect of the presence of the fuel on the whole cooling process.…”