The effects of early tectal lesions on development in the retinal ganglion cell layer of chick embryos

Hughes, William F.; LaVelle, Arthur

doi:10.1002/cne.901630303

Cited by 108 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…5) and partially overlaps with the period of RGC neurogenesis, differentiation and migration (García-Porrero and Ojeda, 1979;Cuadros and Ríos, 1988). The later wave occurs between E10 and E14, when RGCs become dependent on trophic support from their targets (Hughes and La Velle, 1975;Rager and Rager, 1978;Hughes and McLoon, 1979). In the INL, pyknotic cells appear during embryonic day 8.…”

Section: Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell death in the developing vertebrate retina

Vecino¹,

Hernández²,

Garcı́a³

2004

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

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Programmed cell death occurs naturally, as a physiological process, during the embryonic development of multicellular organisms. In the retina, which belongs to the central nervous system, at least two phases of cell death have been reported to occur during development. An early phase takes place concomitant with the processes of neurogenesis, cell migration and cell differentiation. A later phase affecting mainly neurons occurs when connections are established and synapses are formed, resulting in selective elimination of inappropriate connections. This pattern of cell death in the developing retina is common among different vertebrates. However, the timing and magnitude of retinal cell death varies among species. In addition, a precise regulation of apoptosis during retinal development has been described. Factors such as neurotrophins, among many others, and electrical activity influence the survival of retinal cells during the course of development. In this paper, we present a summary of these different aspects of programmed cell death during retinal development, and examine how these differ among different species.

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Section: Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell death in the developing vertebrate retina

Vecino¹,

Hernández²,

Garcı́a³

2004

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

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“…Using in situ hybridization, we examined the localization of BDNF transcripts at E13-E16 when RGC are dependent on their target (Hughes and LaVelle, 1975;Nurcombe and Bennett, 1981). BDNF mRNA was expressed in the retinorecipient layers stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale (SGFS) and stratum griseum centrale (SGC) of the optic tectum.…”

Section: Bdnf Mrna Expression In the Optic Tectummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Preventing target encounter by ablation of the optic tectum or by optic stalk transection significantly increases normal developmental cell death of RGC (Hughes and LaVelle, 1975;Vanselow et al, 1990), and coculturing RGC with the tectum increases survival of RGC in vitro (Nurcombe and Light labeling is present in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and in the outer plexiform layer (OPL). Endogenous p75 is abundant in layers in which exogenous BDN F accumulates (see Fig.…”

Section: Bdnf As a Target-derived Trophic Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most retinal ganglion cells (RGC) degenerate after target removal or optic stalk transection in chicken (Hughes and LaVelle, 1975;Vanselow et al, 1990). RGC can be maintained by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDN F) in vitro (Johnson et al, 1986;Rodríguez-Tébar et al, 1989;Cohen-Cory and Fraser, 1994), and cells in the RGC layer express the BDNF receptor trkB (Okazawa et al, 1993(Okazawa et al, , 1995Perez and Caminos, 1995;Rickman and Brecha, 1995;Cohen-Cory et al, 1996;Garner et al, 1996;Hallböök et al, 1996).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contributions of the Optic Tectum and the Retina as Sources of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor for Retinal Ganglion Cells in the Chick Embryo

1998

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Retinal ganglion cells (RGC) are supported by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), but it is not known if BDNF acts as a target-derived factor or as an afferent or autocrine trophic factor. Here we demonstrate that BDNF mRNA is expressed in the retinorecipient layer of the chick optic tectum as well as in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer of the retina. Amacrine cells rather than RGC were the main source of BDNF mRNA in the ganglion cell layer, as determined by in situ hybridization that was combined with retrograde labeling of RGC and destruction of RGC by optic stalk transection, followed by quantitative RT-PCR. Cells in the ganglion cell layer as well as the retinorecipient layers of the optic tectum were BDNF-immunolabeled. After injections into the tectum, radioiodinated BDNF was transported to the retina where autoradiographic label accumulated in the inner plexiform and ganglion cell layers. After intraocular injection, iodinated BDNF accumulated in these same retinal layers and correlated with the distribution of p75 neurotrophin receptor protein. The majority of cross-linked receptor-bound BDNF in the retina immunoprecipitated with p75 antibodies. No difference in the intensity of BDNF immunolabel was observed in the experimental retina or tectum after optic stalk transection, indicating that most of the BDNF in the RGC was not derived from the optic tectum. These data indicate that a substantial fraction of the BDNF in the ganglion cell layer is derived from local sources, afferents within the retina, rather than from the optic tectum via retrograde transport.

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“…The onset of synapto genesis in the LGNd is usually delayed un til well after the ganglion cell axons have arrived [Cragg, 1975;Raedler and Sievers, 1975;Lund and Bunt, 1976;Anker, 1977;Hendrickson and Rakic. 1977;Rakic, 1977b;Shatz and DiBerardino, 1980;Ma son, 1981] and occurs in association with a period of substantial ganglion cell death [Hughes and LaVelle, 1975;Rager and Rager, 1976;McLoon and Hughes, 1978;Lam el al., 1982;Ng and Slone, 1981;Polls et al, 1982;Sengelaub and Finlay, 1981;Jeffery and Perry. 1982], Although the pro cess of ganglion cell death may often be gin prior to the formation of retino-geni culate synapses, it is usually interpreted to be the result of competition for synaptic space at central targets.…”

Section: Development O F Siamese Area Centralismentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Nasal and Temporal Retina in Siamese and Normally Pigmented Cats; pp. 103–113

Murakami¹,

Sesma²,

Rowe³

1982

Brain Behav Evol

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Properties of ganglion cells in nasal and temporal retina of Siamese and normally-pigmented cats are described. In agreement with earlier reports on normal cats, the somas of both X and Y cells are larger in temporal than in nasal retina, although these differences are not entirely independent of ganglion cell density. Furthermore, the axons of X cells in temporal retina were distinctly faster and larger than those of X cells in nasal retina. Since, in normal cats, almost all nasal X cells project contralaterally and almost all temporal X cells project ipsilaterally, it is difficult to assess independently the effects of retinal location and laterality of projection on either soma size or axon size of nasal and temporal X cells. However, taking advantage of the abnormal pattern of decussation seen in Siamese cats, in which a substantial number of temporal X cells project contralaterally, it is possible to demonstrate that the difference in soma size is independent of laterality of projection and appears to be a function of retinal location, whereas the difference in axon size is a function of laterality of projection and is independent of retinal location. Thus, soma size and axon diameter are at least partially independent. We were unable to obtain clear support for the suggestion that Siamese cats suffer a selective loss of X-type retinal ganglion cells, and an alternative mechanism for the reduced prominence of the area centralis in Siamese cats is proposed. The distinction between developmental mechanisms influencing the prominence of the area centralis and those influencing laterality of projection, as well as the relationship between retinal specializations associated with acuity and specializations associated with binocularity are also considered. The trajectory of axons arising from temporal retina and travelling above or below the area centralis towards the optic disc is described. In normal cats, the general features of this trajectory are the same for ipsilaterally and contralaterally projecting axons, and for axons of all ganglion cell groups. This also appears to be the case in Siamese cats. However, axons from temporal retina show a greater tendency to pass directly over the area centralis in Siamese than in normal cats, and the boundary between the region of temporal retina from which axons pass superior to the area centralis and the region from which they pass inferior to the area centralis may be closer to the vertical meridian in Siamese than in normal cats. These differences in trajectory could lead to a rearrangement of ipsilaterally projecting axons within the optic nerve. In both Siamese and normal cats, a small number of ganglion cells, scattered throughout nasal retina, project ipsilaterally. On the basis of soma size and dendritic morphology, all cells observed in our material can be identified as either alpha or gamma cells. In Siamese cats, such cells are consistently more numerous than in normal cats. In Siamese cats, however, this group of ipsilaterally projecting cells contains a hig...

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The effects of early tectal lesions on development in the retinal ganglion cell layer of chick embryos

Cited by 108 publications

References 34 publications

Cell death in the developing vertebrate retina

Cell death in the developing vertebrate retina

Contributions of the Optic Tectum and the Retina as Sources of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor for Retinal Ganglion Cells in the Chick Embryo

Characteristics of Nasal and Temporal Retina in Siamese and Normally Pigmented Cats; pp. 103–113

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