The effects of drying method on the wood permeability, wettability, treatability, and gluability of southern pine from Australia

Leggate, William; Kumar, Chandan; McGavin, Robert L.; Faircloth, Adam; Knackstedt, Mark

doi:10.15376/biores.16.1.698-720

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Occasionally, the adhesive was observed to penetrate first through the rays and then from the rays into the earlywood and latewood tracheids distant from the glue line. The higher penetration of the adhesive into the earlywood compared to the latewood is most likely related to the significantly higher wettability of earlywood compared to latewood, as reported by Leggate et al (2020Leggate et al ( , 2021c. Other studies have also reported higher wettability and greater adhesive penetration of earlywood compared to latewood (Herczeg 1965;Hse 1968;White 1977;Brady and Kamke 1988;Scheikl and Dunky 1998;Qin et al 2017).…”

Section: Observations On Adhesive Penetration Into Wood Cellular Structurementioning

confidence: 86%

Examination of wood adhesive bonds via MicroCT: The influence of pre-gluing surface machining treatments for southern pine, spotted gum, and Darwin stringybark timbers

Leggate

Shirmohammadi²,

McGavin³

et al. 2021

BioRes

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The successful manufacturing of glulam from several important Australian commercial timbers is quite challenging due to difficulties in gluing. Improvements in adhesive bond performance of spotted gum, Darwin stringybark, and southern pine timber have been achieved using alternative pre-gluing surface machining methods, e.g., face milling and sanding-post planing, when compared to conventional planing methods. In order to improve the understanding of the effects that different surface machining methods have on adhesive bond performance, this study used micro X-ray computed tomography and microscopy to assess key adhesive bond criteria. There was a considerable loss in the amount of adhesive after the wet and dry test cycles for all species. There was also an extremely high frequency of voids in the glue lines for all species, which would negatively impact bond strength and durability. Face mill prepared timber boards resulted in thicker glue lines and greater resistance to adhesion loss, compared to boards prepared via planing. For the two hardwood species, face milling also resulted in greater adhesive penetration; however, for southern pine, there were no significant differences in adhesive penetration between the three surface machining treatments. Adhesive penetration was much deeper in southern pine compared to spotted gum and Darwin stringybark.

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Section: Observations On Adhesive Penetration Into Wood Cellular Structurementioning

confidence: 86%

Examination of wood adhesive bonds via MicroCT: The influence of pre-gluing surface machining treatments for southern pine, spotted gum, and Darwin stringybark timbers

Leggate

Shirmohammadi²,

McGavin³

et al. 2021

BioRes

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The boards were then assessed to locate sections of material containing minimal visual defects, e.g., knots, splits, resin pockets, and test specimens were cut from the parent boards with nominal dimensions of 100 mm x 38 mm x 900 mm; the cut test specimens were then randomly allocated to the two drying conditions. The details of the sample preparation and allocation was provided in the authors previous article (Leggate et al 2020). The number of boards assessed after drying were 29 and 33 for continuous drying and high temperature drying, respectively.…”

Section: Experimental Sample Preparation and Dryingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, drying is one of the most energy-intensive processes out of all the industrial operations, consuming up to 15% of all industrial energy usage (Kumar et al 2014). Drying can consume up to 70% of the energy and 90% of the total time on all processes per log when converting green logs to finished dried wood components, depending upon the species and product type (Redman 2004;Leggate et al 2020). Therefore, drying is one of the most critical processing components in the timber supply chain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This energy efficient process happens at both ends. Considerable thermal energy efficiencies of approximately 30% are achieved with CDK kilns alongside a number of other reported benefits (Mahild 2017;Leggate et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, Leggate et al (2020) investigated the differences between continuous drying and conventional high and low temperature drying schedules on the permeability, wettability, gluability, and treatability of southern pine timber from Queensland. Their results showed no considerable differences between the drying schedules for gas permeability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of continuous drying method on drying quality of southern pine sawn timber

Kumar

Faircloth²,

Leggate³

et al. 2021

BioRes

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The continuous drying of timber is attracting increasing international interest for softwood drying because of several reported advantages, e.g., improved energy efficiency and improved grade recovery. This study aimed to investigate the impact of continuous drying kiln technology on the quality of dried Queensland plantation-grown southern pine timber, compared to the current ultra-high temperature batch drying process adopted by many softwood processors. End matched boards were dried using continuous and high-temperature drying schedules. The moisture content and moisture gradient of each board was assessed in accordance with AS/NZS standard 1080.1 (2012), AS/NZS standard 2796.3 (1999), respectively, while the drying stress was assessed in accordance with AS/NZS standard 4787 (2001). The boards dried with continuous drying schedules resulted in slightly lower bow and spring values and similar cup and twist values compared to the high temperature dried boards. The moisture gradient and drying stress were significantly lower in boards using continuous drying kiln technology compared to the high temperature dried boards. This study will allow the Australian softwood industry to better understand the dried timber quality obtained using new continuous drying technology to make informed investment decisions.

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Vacuum infusion as a novel method to determine wood permeability

et al. 2022

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This study aims to propose a novel method, vacuum infusion process, to measure the longitudinal permeability of wood. The vacuum infusion method uses a vacuum bag sealed over the brous material, with a vacuum inlet and a vacuum outlet. It can be performed on top of any at surface, and its process is relatively swift. Six different woods (Pinus elliottii, Araucaria angustifolia, Ochroma pyramidale, Cedrela ssilis, Tectona grandis, and Eucalyptus grandis) and three different uids (water, soybean oil, and furfuryl alcohol) were selected for the study. After preliminary evaluations of morphology, chemical characteristics, density, porosity, contact angle and capillary pressure, three woods and two uids were selected for the actual permeability measurements. The highest permeability was obtained for the Ochroma pyramidale wood, being 0.45-7.49×10 -11 m 2 . This wood was 58-88% and 18-62% more permeable than the Pinus elliottii and Eucalyptus grandis woods, respectively. The uid was found to have some in uence on the experiment and therefore must be carefully selected. The difference in permeability of the woods was attributed to morphological characteristics, especially the presence of axial vessels, which are 60% larger for Ochroma pyramidale wood compared to Eucalyptus grandis wood, while Pinus elliottii has no vessels. The amount of voids in all woods, nevertheless, was similar, as well as the evaluated chemical characteristics and structural anatomical elements (tracheids and/or bers). In all, the determination of apparent permeability using the vacuum infusion process is practical and with good accuracy, yielding results similar to those from other methods in the literature.

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The effects of drying method on the wood permeability, wettability, treatability, and gluability of southern pine from Australia

Cited by 9 publications

References 21 publications

Examination of wood adhesive bonds via MicroCT: The influence of pre-gluing surface machining treatments for southern pine, spotted gum, and Darwin stringybark timbers

Examination of wood adhesive bonds via MicroCT: The influence of pre-gluing surface machining treatments for southern pine, spotted gum, and Darwin stringybark timbers

Impact of continuous drying method on drying quality of southern pine sawn timber

Vacuum infusion as a novel method to determine wood permeability

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