The effects of dream length on the relationship between primary process in dreams and creativity.

Livingston, Glenn; Levin, Ross

doi:10.1037/h0094341

Cited by 21 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In the present study, dream word length correlated highly with primary process as well as dream bizarreness, a finding consistent with previous research [e.g., 31,34]. Based on this association, Wood et al suggested that dream bizarreness is an artifact of productivity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…However, the nature of this relationship between dream length and dream bizarreness is uncertain. According to some authors [31,33] the association between dream length and bizarreness may be an artifact of using verbal means of recording dreams; unusual dream events may simply require more words to describe than mundane content, making the greater word length "a consequence of bizarreness rather than the other way around" [33, p. 163]. When mean dream word length was treated as a covariate in the present study, the correlations between dream and Rorschach bizarreness were attenuated.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 62%

“…Each subject was assigned a primary process thinking score calculated by dividing the sum of the weighted scores on the SPPT and dividing by their total number of dreams. The reliability and construct validity of this scale has been established in previous studies [21,31]. Interrater reliability for the SPPT in the present study was .97 for all of the dreams; discrepancies were reconciled by discussion between the two raters.…”

Section: Primary Process Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Visual-Spatial Aspects of Primary Process in Dreaming and Waking Thought

Levin

Lamontanaro

1997

Imagination, Cognition and Personality

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The present study investigated empirically whether condensation-like phenomena, as measured by boundary disturbances, are a reliable and intemallyconsistent phenomena in the dreams, Rorschach responses, and preconscious perceptions of the same individual. Subjects kept dream logs for two weeks and were administered the Rorschach and a subliminal perception task which involved the presentation of both a subliminal and supraliminal stimulus. Visual condensation was positively correlated for the dream and Rorschach protocols on most measures. Further, Rorschach boundary disruption was significantly associated with the amount of incorporation of the subliminal stimulus in subjects' drawings of the supraliminal stimulus. These results suggest that primary process mechanisms are evident in both conscious and nonconscious mentation and support a reconceptualization of primary process in terms of actual perceptual mechanisms which is of potential heuristic value in the empirical elucidation of dreams, creativity, and preconscious perception.Traditionally, primary process has referred to a qualitatively unique form of cognition responsible for the more colorful, disturbing, and elusive aspects of the human experience [I, 2], including such diverse phenomena as dreams [3], symptom formation [4], creativity [5][6][7][8][9], and disordered thought [10). While early theorists characterized primary process thought as regressive, chaotic, and gratification-seeking, contemporary theorists have emphasized such mechanisms as information-processing and parallel-distributed processing in reformulating primary process as a purposeful, dynamic, and organized cognitive modality 15

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 62%

Section: Primary Process Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Visual-Spatial Aspects of Primary Process in Dreaming and Waking Thought

Levin

Lamontanaro

1997

Imagination, Cognition and Personality

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“…With regard to dream content, Livingston and Levin (1991) challenged Sladeczek and Domino's (1985) finding of more bizarre dreams in creative individuals. Livingston and Levin reported that this effect might be explained by dream length (i.e., creative individuals report longer dreams, which are more bizarre due to the length of the report).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Reported Effects of Dreams on Waking-Life Creativity: An Empirical Study

Schredl

Erlacher

2007

The Journal of Psychology

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ABSTRACT. The authors studied the self-rated effect of dreams on creativity in participants who were not selected for creative abilities. Students {N = 444) and online respondents (A' = 636) answered a questionnaire about dreams and creative dreams. In addition, the students completed several personality measures and creativity scales. Results indicated that dreams that stimulated waking-life creativity played a considerable role in the lives of ordinary people (about 8% of all dreams). Examples reported by the online participants fell into 4 categories: (a) dream images used for art, work, or similar areas; (b) dreams that solved a problem; (c) dreams that provided the impetus to do something that the dreamer otherwise had difficulty doing; and (d) dreams containing emotional insights. The main factors influencing frequency of creative dreams were dream recall frequency and the thin boundaries personality dimension. Future researchers should use diary techniques to study the effects of dreams on waking life and should develop techniques to increase the frequency of creative dreams that might be valuable as aids for people in creative jobs.

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“…Kreative Individuen können sich nicht nur häufiger an ihre Träume erinnern [84], ihre Träume sind auch ideenreicher [82], einzigartiger und komplexer [96] sowie vermehrt von primärprozesshaftem Denken geprägt [21,40]. Kritisiert wurden Berichte über den Zusammenhang zwischen Trauminhalten und Kreativität jedoch mit dem Hinweis auf verschiedene Traumlängen, die möglicherweise Artefakte in den Befunden erzeugen [61,81,101].…”

Section: Neurobiologie Der Kreativitätunclassified