The Effects of Doubling the CO<sub>2</sub>Concentration on the climate of a General Circulation Model

Manabe, Syukuro; Wetherald, R. T.

doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1975)032<0003:teodtc>2.0.co;2

Cited by 981 publications

(547 citation statements)

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“…As shown in several previous studies (e.g. Manabe et al 1975), temperature decreases in the stratosphere in the 2XCO2 case. However, water vapor increases at all levels in the stratosphere and by up to 20% at around 120 hPa in the 2XCO2 case (Fig.…”

Section: Stratospheric Water Vapor Responsesupporting

confidence: 79%

Effects of Arctic geoengineering on precipitation in the tropical monsoon regions

2017

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due to Arctic geoengineering, but there is still a residual precipitation increase (up to 7%) in most monsoon regions associated with the residual CO 2 induced warming in the tropics. The ITCZ shift due to our Global geoengineering simulation, where aerosols (20 Mt) are prescribed uniformly around the globe, is much smaller and the precipitation changes in most monsoon regions are within ±2% as the residual CO 2 -induced warming in the tropics is also much less than in Arctic and Polar geoengineering. Further, global geoengineering nearly offsets the Arctic warming. Based on our results we infer that Arctic geoengineering leads to ITCZ shift and leaves residual CO 2 induced warming in the tropics resulting in substantial precipitation decreases (increases) in the Northern (Southern) hemisphere monsoon regions.

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Section: Stratospheric Water Vapor Responsesupporting

confidence: 79%

Effects of Arctic geoengineering on precipitation in the tropical monsoon regions

2017

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“…Mercer ( 1978) suggested that if a climatic warming of 10 deg takes place at lat. 80° S. due to the greenhouse effect over the next 50 years, as suggested by the model of Manabe and Wetherald ( 1975), then rather drastic deglaciation will occur in West Antarctica due to recession of the Ross and Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelves. His argument is that extensive summer melt water caused by climatic warming would percolate downwards and warm a previously cold ice shelf to the melting point.…”

Section: Say S-rxymentioning

confidence: 90%

Formation, Flow, and Disintegration Of Ice Shelves

Robin¹

1979

J. Glaciol.

174

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ABSTRACT. I ce shelves may develop either by continued thickening of sea ice tha t is held fast to the shore, or by the seaward extension of inla nd ice. For both p rocesses, as well as for an understanding of ablation and of accumula t ion a t the bottom surface of ice shelves, we n eed to understand melting and freezing processes in relation to salinity, temperature, and pressure. Consideration of these factors shows that b asal m elting beneath the thicker p a rts of ice shelves is much greater tha n is generally apprecia ted . This could b e sufficient to bring the estimated mass balance of Antarctica into a pproximate equilibrium. It appears that most Antarctic ice shelves are dependent on the supply of inla nd ice for their continued existence. However the thick layer of sea ice b eneath the Am ery I ce Shelf is readily explained in terms of sub-ice water circula tion.T ransport of h eat a nd mass by water m otion beneath ice shelves has the potential to change ice thicknesses by similar amounts to that caused by internal deformatio n of the ice shelf. Bottom freezing due to thermal conduction througho ut the ice shelf is of minor importa n ce.While attentio n is drawn to the basic equations for fl ow of ice shelves, it is pointed out that they have yet to be applied satisfacto rily to the problem of iceberg calving. This appears from field observations to be due primarily to creep fa ilure of spreading ice shelves, possibly a ided by impact from floating icebergs. R ecent observations show the effectiveness a nd likely quantitative importance of this " big bang" theory of iceberg for mation in Anta rctica.A brief discussio n of the effects of climatic change on the disintegration of ice shelves is presented . R ESUME. Formation, ecoulement et disp arition des platiformes de glace. Les pla teformes de glace p euvent se d evelopper soit p a r epaississement continu de la glace d e m er qui se soude solidement au rivage ou par I'extension vers la m er de la glace recou vra nt une ile. Pour les d eux processus comme pour l'intelligen ce de I'ablation et de I'accumulation a la face inferieure de la b a nquise, nous devons comprendre les m ecanismes lia nt la fusion et le regel a la salinite, a la temperature et a la pression. Des considerations sur l'action de ces facteurs montrent que la fusion a la base sous les parties les plus epaisses de la couverture de glace est b eaucoup plus importa nte qu' o n ne la pensait. Ce phenomene pourra it suffire a faire p asser I'estimation du bila n de masse de l'Anta rctique a un equilibre approximatif. Il semble que la plus gra nd e partie des plateformes de glace Antarctique d ep end pour lui p ermettre de subsister d e \'a pport de la glace continentale. Cep endant I'epaisse couche d e glace de mer sous le Amery I ce Shelf p eut facilement s'expliquer par une circula tion d'eau sous la glace.Les transpor ts d e cha leur et de m asse p ar mouvement d e I'eau sous les pla teformes de glace sont capables de modifier \' ep a isseur de glace da ns les m emes proportio n s q...

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“…As a matter of fact, there exists an almost linear relationship between the two quantities. The physical mechanisms which are responsible for the CO:induced intensification of the hydrologic cycle were discussed by Wetheraid and Manabe [1975] and Manabe and Wetheraid [1975], based upon the analysis of the climate sensitivity experiments which they conducted. As they explained, this intensification results partly from the increase of downward flux of terrestrial radiation at the earth's surface, which is due to the increase in CO2 concentration and the accompaning increase of the mixing ratio of water vapor in air.…”

Section: Hydrologymentioning

confidence: 99%

CO₂‐induced change in a coupled ocean‐atmosphere model and its paleoclimatic implications

Manabe¹,

Bryan²

1985

J. Geophys. Res.

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232

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The Effects of Doubling the CO₂Concentration on the climate of a General Circulation Model

Cited by 981 publications

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Effects of Arctic geoengineering on precipitation in the tropical monsoon regions

Effects of Arctic geoengineering on precipitation in the tropical monsoon regions

Formation, Flow, and Disintegration Of Ice Shelves

CO₂‐induced change in a coupled ocean‐atmosphere model and its paleoclimatic implications

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The Effects of Doubling the CO2Concentration on the climate of a General Circulation Model

Cited by 981 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of Arctic geoengineering on precipitation in the tropical monsoon regions

Effects of Arctic geoengineering on precipitation in the tropical monsoon regions

Formation, Flow, and Disintegration Of Ice Shelves

CO2‐induced change in a coupled ocean‐atmosphere model and its paleoclimatic implications

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Product

Resources

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The Effects of Doubling the CO₂Concentration on the climate of a General Circulation Model

CO₂‐induced change in a coupled ocean‐atmosphere model and its paleoclimatic implications