The effects of different caloric restriction diets on anthropometric and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese females

Abstract

Background/Aim. Obesity is an established risk factor for numerous chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of well-balanced different caloric restriction (CR) diets on anthropometric parameters and standard biochemical cardiovascular risk markers [lipid profile, glucose homeostasis and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)] in overweight/obese females. Methods. Participants (age 20-40 years) were randomized into 3 different CR diet groups: the group I-restriction of 20% calories from baseline energy requirements, the group II-restriction of 50% calories from baseline energy requirements and the group III-alternating daily diets with 70%/30% restriction. The study lasted 42 weeks. Anthropometric parameters were measured at the start and after 4, 8, 20 and 42 weeks after dietary intervention beginning. Biochemical markers were determined at baseline and after 20 and 42 weeks from dietary restriction start. Results. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and body fat (in %), in the different CR diet groups significantly decreased after 42 weeks. Body weight was less 11 kg in the group I and 12 kg in the groups II and III. WC was reduced by 11 cm in the groups I and III and by 10 cm in the group II. Different CR diets had the same effects on body fat (a reduction of 15% of body fat). Total cholesterol decreased by 7% in the group I and by 8% in the group III. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol decreased by 14% in the group I and by 13% in group III. There were no significant changes in total and LDLcholesterol levels in the group II. The atherogenic index presented as trigliceride/high density lipoprotein (TG/HDL) ratio decreased by 0.22 in the group I, by 0.25 in the group II and by 0.32 in the group III. Various CR diets had the same effects on reducing the hs-CRP levels. Conclusion. Different CR diets with the same macronutrient content are equally effective in reducing body weight, WC and body fat, improve cardiometabolic risk factors and decrease level of proinflammatory hs-CRP in overweight/obese females.

Temporal Associations Among Body Mass Index, Fasting Insulin, and Systemic Inflammation

“…Of these, 753 articles were excluded, resulting in 60 that met the selection criteria and 5603 enrolled participants (of whom 5261 were analyzed). 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 ...…”

“…A total of 21 studies were from Western Europe, 25 , 27 , 41 , 54 , 61 , 62 , 65 , 72 , 81 , 82 , 84 11 from North America, 25 , 27 , 41 , 54 , 61 , 62 , 65 , 72 , 81 , 82 , 84 9 from East Asia, 29 , 38 , 39 , 44 , 51 , 52 , 60 , 66 , 68 5 from South America, 28 , 69 , 78 , 79 , 83 5 from Western Asia, 28 , 69 , 78 , 79 , 83 and 3 each from Africa, 35 , 50 , 76 the Pacific, 26 , 42 , 75 and Eastern Europe. 45 , 74 , 80 …”

“…A total of 90% of the studies were in populations with metabolic disease or conditions associated with metabolic disease: obesity, 25 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 37 , 41 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 52 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 76 , 77 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 diabetes or prediabetes, 26 , 32 , 38 , 46 , 59 hypertension, 40 coronary artery disease, 65 dyslipidemia, 51 chronic kidney disease, 78 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 31 , 35 Cushing disease, 36 polycystic ovary syndrome, 61 breast cancer, 28 , 56 , 82 and aging (ie, college students 84 ). Of the patients in these 54 studies, 22 (41%) had undergone bariatric surgery as the studied intervention (n = 14) or as part of the required eligibility criteria (n = 8).…”

General psychopathology and impulsivity as the pre-treatment predictors of medical nutrition therapy outcome in the overweight and obese women

“…In the light of the fact that obesity has become the epidemic health threatening condition, its effects on physical health were extensively studied and well-documented [5][6][7]16 . However, the relationship between the psychiatric and/or psychological factors and etiology and obesity treatment is complicated and not well-known.…”

“…Empiric and scientific data confirmed its clear association with plethora of medical conditions (metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, ischemic heart disease, stroke, inflammation, apnea, certain carcinoma, etc.) 1,[5][6][7] and decreased quality of life 8,9 . If the current trend of increased morbidity and mortality due to obesity continues, the life expectancy in future could decrease for the first time in modern history 10 .…”