The effects of daily bathing of neonatal rhesus monkeys with an antimicrobial skin cleanser containing chlorhexidine gluconate

Gongwer, L.E.; Hubben, K; Lenkiewicz, R.S.; Hart, Ernest; Cockrell, Beverly Y.

doi:10.1016/0041-008x(80)90112-x

Cited by 25 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Studies in baboons have found that topical daily HEX application induced changes in myelin (32). Studies in macaques found that daily chlorhexidine bathing did not produce any histopathological changes in the brain following 90 days of exposure (33). However, chlorhexidine was undetectable in the blood of these monkeys, so no chlorhexidine could have possibly gained access to the brain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorhexidine inhibits L1 cell adhesion molecule–mediated neurite outgrowth in vitro

et al. 2013

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Background Chlorhexidine is a skin disinfectant that reduces skin and mucous membrane bacterial colonization and inhibits organism growth. Despite numerous studies assessing chlorhexidine safety in term infants, residual concerns have limited its use in hospitalized neonates, especially low birth weight preterm infants. The aim of this study was to assess the potential neurotoxicity of chlorhexidine on the developing central nervous system using a well-established in vitro model of neurite outgrowth that includes laminin and L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1) as neurite outgrowth promoting substrates. Methods Cerebellar granule neurons are plated on either poly L-lysine, L1 or laminin. Chlorhexidine, hexachlorophene or their excipients are added to the media. Neurons are grown for 24 h, then fixed and neurite length measured. Results Chlorhexidine significantly reduced the length of neurites grown on L1 but not laminin. Chlorhexidine concentrations as low as 125 ng/ml statistically significantly reduced neurite length on L1. Hexachlorophene did not affect neurite length. Conclusion Chlorhexidine at concentrations detected in the blood following topical applications in preterm infants specifically inhibited L1 mediated neurite outgrowth of cerebellar granule neurons. It is now vital to determine whether the blood brain barrier is permeable to chlorhexidine in preterm infants.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorhexidine inhibits L1 cell adhesion molecule–mediated neurite outgrowth in vitro

et al. 2013

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“…30 A study of neonatal rhesus monkeys washed daily with CHG did not show any absorption through the skin, even after repeated washing with an 8% CHG solution for 90 days. 31 Despite extensive use and evidence that some absorption occurs, CHG has not been associated thus far with any documented neurological adverse event, except when instilled directly in the middle ear. 27 In the context of a NICU with high CLABSI rates, where bloodstream infections and sepsis in preterm infants have documented adverse outcomes in terms of neurological development and mortality, 4,5 ' 32 benefits of decreasing the incidence of CLABSI outweigh the theoretical risk that could be associated, although not proven, with CHG use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorhexidine Bathing in a Tertiary Care Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Impact on Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections

Quach

Milstone

Perpête

et al. 2014

Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.

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“…1 Chlorhexidine has also been used as a skin and mucous membrane disinfectant in nurseries for many years. 8 Other studies show that absorption of chlorhexidine through intact skin into the venous blood is negligible. 7 Concentrations of up to 8% have been used for daily bathing of neonatal monkeys as a means to provide additional evidence of its safety as a skin cleanser.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorhexidine vs. sterile vaginal wash during labor to prevent neonatal infection

Eriksen

Sweeten

Blanco

1997

Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol.

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Objective The purpose of this study was to determine if a dilute solution of chlorhexidine used as a one‐time vaginal wash intrapartum can reduce the use of postnatal antibiotics and neonatal infection. Methods Term pregnant women in labor were prospectively randomized to receive either 20 cc of 0.4% chlorhexidine (n = 481) or 20 cc of sterile water (n = 466) placebo. Exclusion criteria included fetal distress, clinical infection, cervical dilatation >6 cm, and known allergy to chlorhexidine. Outcome variables included the incidence of neonatal pneumonia, culture proven neonatal sepsis, and use of the antibiotics in the neonate. Continuous variables were compared using the Mann‐Whitney U‐test and discrete variables were compared with the chi‐square test. Results The length of ruptured membranes (mean ± S.D.) between the chlorhexidine group (408 ± 589 min) and control group (352 ± 318 min) was not significantly different (P = 0.85, 95% confidence interval 354–462). Fifteen neonates (3.2%) in the chlorhexidine group and 9 (1.9%) in the control group received antibiotics in the postnatal period (P = 0.32, 95% confidence interval 0.72–3.72). There was one case of pneumonia in the control group and no cases of sepsis in either group. Conclusions A one‐time chlorhexidine vaginal wash does not decrease the use of antibiotics or incidence of neonatal infection in our population. Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol. 5:286–290, 1997. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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The effects of daily bathing of neonatal rhesus monkeys with an antimicrobial skin cleanser containing chlorhexidine gluconate

Cited by 25 publications

References 15 publications

Chlorhexidine inhibits L1 cell adhesion molecule–mediated neurite outgrowth in vitro

Chlorhexidine inhibits L1 cell adhesion molecule–mediated neurite outgrowth in vitro

Chlorhexidine Bathing in a Tertiary Care Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Impact on Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections

Chlorhexidine vs. sterile vaginal wash during labor to prevent neonatal infection

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