“…Modulation of apoptosis [ 66 ] and enhancement of proliferative cellular activity [ 67 ] can be considered as other important gero-protective effects of hypercapnia, including its combination with hypoxic exposure, shown in in vitro models on cultures of rat astrocytes and neurons, as well as in vivo in the peri-stroke area of the cerebral cortex. Under certain conditions, this mechanism may be the cause of malignant transformation of cells; however, in combination with the effective immune defense of the organism and reparative functions of the epigenomic apparatus of the cell, it may be a component of the strategy of protection against aging, especially of the brain and myocardium [ 68 , 69 ].…”