The Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation during Resistance Training

Pinkoski, Craig; Chilibeck, Philip D.; Candow, Darren G.; Esliger, Dale W.; Ewaschuk, Julia B.; Facci, Marina; Farthing, Jonathan P.; Zello, Gordon A.

doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000183860.42853.15

Cited by 64 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(81 reference statements)

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“…Kreider et al (18) and Pinkoski et al (21), who investigated the effects of CLA supplementation during resistance exercise training on subjects performing different sporting activities, observed different results despite the fact that both performed randomized controlled studies. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in experienced resistance-trained athletes did not induce differences in total body mass, body composition, and strength (18), whereas in moderately physically active subjects, CLA induced a relatively small increase in lean body mass and a decrease in body fat mass (21).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…The subjects ingested 7 opaque soft gel capsules of CLA (6 g of Tonalin FFA 80; Cognis Group, Monheim, Germany) or PLA (6 g of sunflower oil) per day, both identical in taste and in appearance. The CLA and placebo dosages were used in literature in studies that investigated the effect of CLA supplementation on body mass composition (18,21); moreover, this CLA dose is suggested by the food supplement manufacturers. The CLA supplement was a mixture containing 40% c9,t11-CLA and 40% t10,c12-CLA.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Testosterone Levels In Vitro and In Vivo After an Acute Bout of Resistance Exercise

Macaluso

Morici

Catanese

et al. 2012

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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and Di Felice, V. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on testosterone levels in vitro and in vivo after an acute bout of resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 26(6): 1667-1674, 2012-The purposes of the present study were to investigate the effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on testosterone levels in vitro on a cell line derived from Leydig cells (R2C) and in vivo in the blood of physically active subjects before and after a resistance exercise bout. In vitro R2C cells were treated with different CLA concentrations (0-30 mM) for 24 and 48 hours. After treatment, supernatant media were tested to determine testosterone secretion. The CLA increased the testosterone secretion only after 48 hours. In vivo, 10 resistance-trained male subjects, in a double-blind placebo-controlled and crossover study design were randomized for 3 weeks of either 6 gÁd 21 CLA or placebo. Blood was drawn pre and post each resistance exercise bout to determine the total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels. No significant differences were observed for total testosterone or SHBG pre and post each resistance exercise bout; although after the resistance exercise bouts, total testosterone increased moderately (effect size = moderate), whereas after CLA supplementation, there was a large increase in total testosterone (effect size = large). CLA supplementation induced an increase in testosterone levels in Leydig cells in vitro after 48 hours but not in vivo before and after a resistance exercise bout. These findings suggest that CLA supplementation may promote testosterone synthesis through a molecular pathway that should be investigated in the future, although this effect did not have an anabolic relevance in our in vivo model.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Testosterone Levels In Vitro and In Vivo After an Acute Bout of Resistance Exercise

Macaluso

Morici

Catanese

et al. 2012

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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“…Considering this fact, the above result brings up the question of the validity of using ultrasonic muscle thickness determined at rest to evaluate individual differences in muscle size. In previous studies, muscle thickness measurements with ultrasonography have been performed in standing (Abe et al, 1994;Akagi et al, 2010;Kubo et al, 2003aKubo et al, , 2003bMiyatani et al, 2003Miyatani et al, , 2004Pinkoski et al, 2006;Toji and Kaneko, 2007;Wakahara et al, 2010), supine (Ainscough-Potts et al, 2006;Arts et al, 2010;Campbell et al, 1995;Pillen et al, 2003Pillen et al, , 2007Reimers et al, 1998;Scholten et al, 2003), or prone (Candow and Chilibeck, 2005;Candow et al, 2006;Mohagheghi et al, 2007;Reimers et al, 1998) positions. In the standing position, the gravitational force acted on the muscles of interest in the proximal-distal direction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodological Issues Related to Thickness-Based Muscle Size Evaluation

Akagi

Iwanuma

Fukuoka

et al. 2011

J Physiol Anthropol

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The purpose of this study was to highlight the issues related to thickness-based muscle size evaluation that is commonly done in field studies. The cross-sectional area, thickness (the vertical distance from the upper end of the elbow flexors to that of the humerus) and width (the horizontal distance from the left to the right end of the elbow flexors) of the elbow flexors at levels from the reference site (60% of the upper arm length from the acromial process of the scapula to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus) to 5 cm distal to it were determined in 11 young men using magnetic resonance imaging, both at rest and during isometric elbow flexion at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction. During 30% of maximal voluntary contraction, the thickness increased but the width decreased at each measurement site compared with those at rest. This was possibly due to difference in muscle slackness between both conditions. The correlation coefficients between the thickness and cross-sectional area for the elbow flexors were significantly lower at rest (rϭ0.551-0.856) than during 30% of maximal voluntary contraction (rϭ0.711-0.922). The present findings indicate that the thickness-based muscle size measurement at rest includes errors owing to the slackness of the resting muscles.

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“…Although CLA supplementation in the study dose apparently does not pose a health risk 19 , the participants' reports raise concern about CLA supplementation. Other studies 9,23 have already reported CLA-related side effects, generally related to the gastrointestinal tract. The most frequently reported side effects were indigestion, heartburn, reflux, flatulence, nausea, diarrhea, bloating, constipation, loss of appetite, and itchy face 9,23 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…These differences greatly hinder study comparison. In addition, CLA action seems to differ between overweight 17,18 and normal weight individuals [23][24][25] . Therefore, it is important to point out that the study sample consisted exclusively of overweight/ obese women, and excess weight is a multifactorial phenomenon characterized by significant metabolic and/or behavioral changes, which consequently, are hard to control 26 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation does not maximize motor performance and abdominal and trunk fat loss induced by aerobic training in overweight women

et al. 2016

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A B S T R A C T ObjectiveTo analyze the effect of eight weeks of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on physical performance, and trunk and abdominal fat in overweight women submitted to an aerobic training program. MethodsTwenty-eight overweight women (body mass index ≥25 kg/m 2 ) were divided randomly and double-blindly to receive conjugated linoleic acid or placebo, both associated with an aerobic exercise program (frequency = threeRev. Nutr., Campinas, 29(6):785-795, nov./dez., 2016 Revista de Nutrição http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-98652016000600004 times a week, duration=30 min/session, intensity=80% of maximum heart rate). Conjugated linoleic acid (3.2 g) and placebo (4.0 g) supplements were consumed daily (four capsules) for eight weeks. Maximum speed and time to exhaustion were determined in incremental treadmill test. Trunk fat was estimated by dual-energy X-Ray absorptiometry. Waist circumference was used as indicator of abdominal fat. ResultsMain effect of time (p<0.05) showed increased maximum speed (conjugated linoleic acid=+6.3% vs. placebo=+7.5%) and time to exhaustion (conjugated linoleic acid=+7.1% vs. placebo=+8.6%) in the incremental treadmill test, with no differences between the groups (p>0.05). Similarly, significant reductions (p<0.05) in trunk fat (conjugated linoleic acid=-1.7% vs. placebo=-1.5%) and abdominal fat (conjugated linoleic acid=-4.7% vs. placebo=-4.0%) were found after eight weeks of intervention, with no differences between the groups (p>0.05). ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that conjugated linoleic acid supplementation does not maximize motor performance, and loss of body and abdominal fat induced by aerobic training in overweight women.

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The Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation during Resistance Training

Abstract: Supplementation with CLA during resistance training results in relatively small changes in body composition accompanied by a lessening of the catabolic effect of training on muscle protein.

Cited by 64 publications

References 35 publications

Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Testosterone Levels In Vitro and In Vivo After an Acute Bout of Resistance Exercise

Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Testosterone Levels In Vitro and In Vivo After an Acute Bout of Resistance Exercise

Methodological Issues Related to Thickness-Based Muscle Size Evaluation

Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation does not maximize motor performance and abdominal and trunk fat loss induced by aerobic training in overweight women

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