The effects of concurrent of citric acid and soybean‐based diets on growth performance, body composition, haemobiochemical indices, digestibility and fatty acid profile in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Abstract

is the preferable source of protein for reared carnivorous fish owing to its well-adjusted amino acid profile, digestibility and high palatability, superior levels of essential n-3 fatty acids, minerals, phospholipids and nucleotides, and free of anti-nutrient factors (ANFs) (Gatlin et al., 2007;Hardy, 2010; Hosseini Shekarabi et al., 2020). Nowadays, dwindling natural stocks of pelagic fish as a source of FM and its fast-growing demands in aquafeeds is accompanied by a significant increase in FM prices globally. Principal issues recently weighted the urgency to replace FM with plant feedstuffs in aquafeeds on fish/shellfish nourishment (NRC, 2011;Watson et al., 2014). Soybean meal (SBM) is introduced as an easily accessible, affordable and nutritious food with high protein levels and suitable amino acids (Gatlin et al., 2007). Due to the presence of ANFs factors (phytic acid, protease inhibitors, glycinin, β-conglycinin, raffinose and stachyose) in SBM, which leads to intestinal enteritis in monogastric (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and agastric fish (Carassius auratus), the amount of replacement with FM is limited (Hardy, 2010;

Dietary sulfated polysaccharides extracted from Caulerpa sp. and Padina sp. modulated physiological performance, antibacterial activity and ammonia challenge test in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

“…However, a few studies have contemplated that sulfated extracts reinforce the innate and adaptive immune system by virtue of the presence of bioactive compounds (e.g., hydrocolloids, colourants and polyphenols) (Abdel‐Latif et al, 2022; Arokiarajan et al, 2022; Güroy et al, 2022; Lee et al, 2017; Mohan et al, 2019; Rudtanatip et al, 2017; Sharma & Baskaran, 2021; Sony et al, 2019; Thépot et al, 2021; Yun et al, 2022), the improvement of the width and height of villi can take part in intestinal absorption, which is essential in enhancing growth performance (Mahgoub et al, 2020; Sotoudeh & Mardani, 2018; Thépot et al, 2021). Based on the authors' opinion, the increase of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) which plays an ardent role in many biological processes including the intestinal mucosal barrier, modulates the intestinal microflora and produces energy for rehabilitating the intestine epithelia (Abdel‐Latif et al, 2022; Ai et al, 2018; Hoseinifar et al, 2017; Jiang et al, 2021; Khoshhava et al, 2021), presence of sulphur‐containing compounds such as dimethyl‐β‐propiothetine (DMPT). Furthermore, much literature declared that ameliorating the gelatinase and collagenase activity, hence decreasing the connective tissue degeneration in the animals (Bakky et al, 2022), aspartic and glutamic acids in seaweed derivatives improve feed intake and growth indices in aquatic animals (Liu et al, 2019, 2020; Omont et al, 2019; Ragaza et al, 2015), and modulating the intestine microbiota and elevating the levels of some beneficial bacteria, such as Bacteroides spp.…”