The effects of compression ratio and combustion initiation location on knock emergence by using multiple pressure sensing devices

Abstract

Knock research is an essential study because knock limits spark-ignition (SI) engine power output, durability, noise, fuel consumption, and emission performance. The thermal efficiency of an engine can be improved by increasing the compression ratio, but at the same time it leads to the possibility of end gas autoignition inside the chamber. The objective of this work was to show the effect of three different compression ratios (CRs) 8.5, 9.5, and 10.5 on the mechanism of knock. In order to achieve this four equispaced spark plugs were fitted around the circumference of a special metal liner to initiate flame fronts from those plugs by firing with different spark approaches (e.g. spark timing, number, and location). In addition, six pressure sensors were installed at various locations to precisely record the autoignition event by monitoring pressure oscillations, combustion characteristics, and knock intensity. In-cylinder pressure and heat release rate (HRR) analyses were applied to distinguish the knocking combustion for the three different CRs. The results showed that a greater number of spark plugs produced more stable combustion even for a delayed spark timing (ST) than a single spark plug, but also increased pressure oscillations, HRR and knock propensity with higher CRs due to an increase in pressure and temperature inside the cylinder. The maximum amplitude of pressure oscillation (MAPO) method was used to determine the knock intensity, and it was observed that at the lowest CR of 8.5 three spark plugs gave higher MAPO values compared to four spark plugs for the same operating conditions. However, four spark plugs instigated higher MAPO values than three spark plugs for the higher CRs of 9.5 and 10.5 because, with the increase of CR and spark plug numbers, the pressure and temperature were increased during the combustion event, which was coupled with the compression effect on the unburned end gas mixture. Additionally, Fast Fourier transform (FFT) and wavelet methods were implemented to observe the frequencies induced during knock. It was found that sparking four plugs provoked various vibration modes in different amplitude ranges with the different CRs.

Optical study of knocking phenomenon in a spark-ignition engine by using high-speed OH* chemiluminescence imaging: A multiple ignition sites approach

“…The interaction of the main flame fronts and autoignition kernels generates various forms of pressure waves such as circumferential and radial, coupled with high amplitudes which travel across the combustion chamber. 2,25,38 The frequency spectrum and resonance modes produced during knocking combustion are generally determined by engine geometry and knock intensity. 1 However, the axial modes are considered to be negligible compared to circumferential and radial modes due to the smaller space above the piston at TDC than the piston bore.…”

“…3,7 Several studies investigated the potential reasons for knocking phenomena, such as fuel properties, [8][9][10] airfuel ratio, 7,11,12 number of ignition sites and timing, [13][14][15][16] combustion chamber shape, carbon deposits, 2,3 and boundary temperature, 17 etc. In the last decades, many strategies have been observed to suppress the knock inside the chamber, such as water injection, 18,19 fuel stratification 2,20, octane on demand, [21][22][23] and spark limited knock, [24][25][26] etc. However, most of these technologies have constrained engine performance.…”

Using Multiple Ignition Sites and Pressure Sensing Devices to Determine the Effect of Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio on the Morphology of Knocking Combustion

“…The maximum frequency power was observed for the radial mode of (0, 1) with a frequency range of 15 -17 kHz for λ = 0.9  : 1.0 and 1.0, because the flames were propagated from four sides and consequently the most likely location for autoignition was in the middle of the chamber. Apart from this, λ = 0.9 has also shown the (1, 1) mixed mode of circumferential and radial vibration, which means violent knock produces various high order frequencies mode including mixed modes [37].…”