“…As a preventive measure against the devastating effects of vandalism, theft and terrorism, PACs limit who can access available resources and enter protected places (Masoumzadeh et al, 2022). In higher education, PAC is essential for entry into the library, residential halls, lecture theaters and network access (Velasco, 2022;Cheng et al, 2020;Bigelow Stephen, 2008). However, these systems continue to depend significantly on user authentication.…”