The effects of cold, noradrenaline and adrenaline upon the oxygen consumption and carbohydrate metabolism of the young fowl (Gallus domesticus)

Freeman, B. M.

doi:10.1016/0010-406x(66)90195-2

Cited by 58 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Dawkins & Hull (1964) also observed increases in the concentration of glucose and lactate in the plasma of new-born rabbits exposed to cold conditions. On the other hand, in non-mammalian species, Freeman (1966) found no elevation in blood sugar levels of 1-to 21-dayold chicks during exposure to a temperature of 40 C and, in fact, reported a fall in the 7-day-old fowl.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Changes in plasma glucose, lactate and free fatty acids in lambs during summit metabolism and treatment with catecholamines

Alexander¹,

Mills²,

Scott³

1968

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Exposure to cold increased the plasma levels of glucose and lactate in young lambs (< 1-63 days old). Free fatty acid concentrations also increased, the increase being much greater in lambs older than 20 days.2. Intravenous infusions of adrenaline and noradrenaline into lambs under a neutral thermal environment caused large increases in plasma glucose, lactate and free fatty acids.3. Adrenaline and noradrenaline infusions increased the concentration of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids in the plasma of young lambs.4. Treatment of lambs in summit metabolism with either o-or ,-adrenergic blocking agents (phentolamine or propranolol, respectively) caused the plasma levels of free fatty acids to fall. Phentolamine hydrochloride decreased the concentration of plasma glucose, but did not change the lactate level. In contrast, propranolol decreased the concentration of both of these metabolites in a significant proportion of the experiments.5. Induction of muscular paralysis by suxamethonium chloride, in lambs exposed to cold, resulted in a rise in plasma free fatty acids, and a fall in glucose and lactate levels.6. These observations suggest that the circulating level of plasma metabolites in young lambs is not the limiting factor in the metabolic response to cold exposure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Changes in plasma glucose, lactate and free fatty acids in lambs during summit metabolism and treatment with catecholamines

Alexander¹,

Mills²,

Scott³

1968

The Journal of Physiology

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“…The observed increase in rT, during the 2nd week of life would be asso ciated with the maturation of the enzyme sys tem or with its increasing activity. It is of interest to note that an increase in rT, pro duction with age has been found also in chickens [Premachandra et al, 1970] which, from the point of view of the mediating role of hormones in postnatal thermogenesis, dis play some common features with piglets in that they have no brown adipose tissue and do not react with O, consumption to NA injection [Freeman, 1966[Freeman, , 1970. On com parison the pig and the chicken represent the 'thyroxine-type' in contrast to the 'noradren aline-type' of newborns [Slebodzinski, 1975b],…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequential Observation of Changes in Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine and Reverse Triiodothyronine during the Postnatal Adaptation of the Pig

1981

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Principal serum iodothyronines, T₄, T₃ and rT₃, have been simultaneously measured by a specific radioimmunoassay in piglets kept for sequential observation with the mother from 1 to 21 days of age. During several hours postnatally, a high concentration of the hormone was noted as a result of an enhanced secretory activity of the thyroid gland. Later, a progressive decrease with a nadir at about day 3 was observed, followed by a second rise in the hormone level. Changes in T₃ and rT₃ levels from birth to the end of the 1st week, paralleled those for T₄. The T₃:rT₃ ratio of about 2 during the 1st week fell to about 1.5 during the 3rd week as a result of the progressive increase in rT₃ and decrease in T₃ concentrations. The T₄:rT₃ ratio fell with the progressing age to the level observed in post-weaned pigs. At birth, the newborn pig seems to possess a low capability of 5-deiodinase enzyme system thus the converting enzymes first work towards T₄–T₃ conversion while T₄–rT₃-converting ability progressively increases with age. The role of this variability for the neonatal thermogenic stability is discussed.

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“…Presumably, the reduction in motor activity and heart rate and the slowing of metabolism secondary to hypothermia, lowered oxygen requirements sufficiently for there to be an over-all reduction in carbon dioxide elimination despite increased muscle activity. The presence of non-shivering thermogenesis might be expected to be present since, in 1-day-old chicks, little or no visible shivering occurred on exposure to cold (Randall, 1943) although oxygen consumption increased about 150 % when ambient temperature was reduced to 25°C (Freeman, 1966). In the present experiments with 2-3 week old chicks, shivering was not detected electromyographically when ambient temperature was lowered to 16 'C.…”

mentioning

confidence: 59%

“…In mammals, noradrenaline released by the sympathetic nervous system, mediates nonshivering thermogenesis. However, in 1-day-old chicks, systemic injections of noradrenaline, which in rats and guinea-pigs evoked a metabolic response corresponding to the magnitude of non-shivering thermogenesis (Mejsnar & Jansky, 1971;Zeisberger & Briick, 1967), elicited merely a 10 % increase in oxygen consumption and lacked effect in older chicks (Freeman, 1966). Absence of brown fat in chicks, an important but not the only site ofnon-shivering thermogenesis in mammals, could explain lack of a significant thermogenic response to intraperitoneal noradrenaline (Freeman, 1967).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of noradrenaline infused into the chick hypothalamus on thermoregulation below thermoneutrality.

Marley¹,

Stephenson²

1975

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Hypothermia induced by infusion of noradrenaline into the hypothalamus of 2-3 week old chicks, within their thermoneutral range, was considerably potentiated by lowering ambient temperature.2. Noradrenaline-induced hypothermia was associated with reduced carbon dioxide elimination and reduced blood lactate concentrations whereas leg temperature, electromyographic activity, plasma NEFA and plasma glucose concentrations were increased.3. Mechanisms postulated to explain the phenomenon are inhibitory and facilitatory effects of noradrenaline on some, but not all, heat production and heat loss mechanisms. Increased electromyographic activity after intrahypothalamic noradrenaline is assumed to be due to lack of effect of noradrenaline on spinal thermosensitive centres; increased plasma NEFA concentration may be due to inhibition of NEFA utilization.

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The effects of cold, noradrenaline and adrenaline upon the oxygen consumption and carbohydrate metabolism of the young fowl (Gallus domesticus)

Cited by 58 publications

References 25 publications

Changes in plasma glucose, lactate and free fatty acids in lambs during summit metabolism and treatment with catecholamines

Changes in plasma glucose, lactate and free fatty acids in lambs during summit metabolism and treatment with catecholamines

Sequential Observation of Changes in Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine and Reverse Triiodothyronine during the Postnatal Adaptation of the Pig

Effects of noradrenaline infused into the chick hypothalamus on thermoregulation below thermoneutrality.

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