The Effects of Cocaine on Gonadal Steroid Hormones and LH in Male and Female Rhesus Monkeys

Mello, Nancy K.; Mendelson, Jack H.; Negus, S. Stevens; Kelly, Maureen; Knudson, Inge M.; Roth, Megan

doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300511

Cited by 24 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…These convergent findings, however, are all based on the same survey instrument (NHSDA) and it is possible that male cocaine users provide less complete or less accurate autobiographies of cocaine problems and dependencerelated experiences, as compared to female cocaine users. Nonetheless, these epidemiological findings are consistent with some preclinical data that have found neural as well as hormonal differences in rats (Hu et al, 2004) and rhesus monkeys (Mello et al, 2004) that might account for sex differences in the regulation of cocaine acquisition.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Is there Epidemiological Evidence to Support the Idea that a Cocaine Dependence Syndrome Emerges Soon after Onset of Cocaine Use?

Reboussin

Anthony

2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

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The present study uses latent class methods and multiple regression to shed light on hypothesized cocaine dependence syndromes experienced by community residents, who initiated cocaine use within 24 months of survey assessment, and explores possible variation in risk. Identified within public use data files from the United States National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), and with assessments completed between 1995 and 1998, the study sample consists of 927 recent-onset cocaine users, defined as having initiated cocaine use no more than 24 months prior to assessment (approximate median elapsed time since onset of use B12-13 months). The NHSDA included items to assess seven clinical features often associated with cocaine dependence, which were used in latent class modeling. Empirically derived latent classes, in conjunction with prior theory, tend to support a three-class solution, according to which 4% of recent-onset users are members of a class that resembles the DSM-IV cocaine dependence syndrome (mean: 5.4 clinical features (CF)); 16% might be in a cocaine dependence prodrome (mean: 2.4 CF); 80% of recent-onset cocaine users had few or no clinical features (meano1 CF). Results from latent class regressions indicate that susceptibility to rapid transition from first cocaine use to onset of the LCA-assigned cocaine dependence syndrome might depend upon whether the user starts smoking crack-cocaine and, independently, age at first cocaine use.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Is there Epidemiological Evidence to Support the Idea that a Cocaine Dependence Syndrome Emerges Soon after Onset of Cocaine Use?

Reboussin

Anthony

2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…Significant increases in plasma estradiol levels occurred within 16 min after intravenous (i.v.) cocaine administration, and estradiol remained significantly above baseline levels for 14 min (Mello et al, 2004a). This relatively rapid time course is consistent with evidence that estradiol has non-genomic effects that may precede its traditional genomic steroid actions and influence behavior as well as neuroendocrine and reproductive function (Falkenstein et al, 2000;Moore and Evans, 1999;Vasudevan and Pfaff, 2007;Wong et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Effects of Estradiol on Cocaine Self-Administration and Cocaine Discrimination by Female Rhesus Monkeys

Mello

Negus

Knudson

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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The ovarian steroid hormone, estradiol, enhances the reinforcing and locomotor activating effects of cocaine in rodents under some conditions. The present study evaluated the acute effects of estradiol benzoate (E 2 b) on cocaine self-administration and cocaine discrimination in female rhesus monkeys. Cocaine self-administration (0.10 mg/kg/inj., i.v.) was maintained on a fixed-ratio (FR) 30 schedule of reinforcement, and monkeys had access to cocaine during one 2-h session each day. E 2 b in a cyclodextrin vehicle (0.00001-0.01 mg/kg, i.m.) was administered 30 min before test sessions conducted twice each week. Cocaine doses were administered in an irregular order during each dose-effect curve determination (0.001-0.3 mg/kg/inj.). Blood samples were collected after test sessions to determine 17b-estradiol levels. Banana-flavored food pellets were available on an FR 30 schedule in three 1-h sessions each day. Five monkeys were trained to discriminate cocaine (0.18 mg/kg, i.m.) from saline in a two-key food-reinforced procedure, and the effects of pretreatment with E 2 b in cyclodextrin and in sesame oil were studied. Acute administration of E 2 b did not consistently alter the cocaine self-administration or drug discrimination dose-effect curves in comparison to saline control treatment. Females also did not selfadminister E 2 b (0.00001-0.10 mg/kg, i.v.) above saline levels. Finally, E 2 b (0.0001-0.01 mg/kg, i.m.) did not substitute for cocaine in monkeys trained to discriminate cocaine from saline. Taken together, these data suggest that over the dose range studied, estradiol administration does not consistently alter the abuse-related effects of cocaine in female rhesus monkeys.

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“…Additionally, there are circadian and seasonal rhythms to T concentrations [44-47]} and several types of social experiences can modulate plasma T profiles in both sexes, including sexual arousal, winning/losing sports competitions, exposure to an infant’s cries and providing nurturing care [48-57]. T concentrations can be modulated by social experiences as well as by exogenous drugs in both males [58,59] and females [60]. Thus, the relationship between the response to drugs of abuse and circulating T is dynamic and bi-directional.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in the neural mechanisms mediating addiction: a new synthesis and hypothesis

2012

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In this review we propose that there are sex differences in how men and women enter onto the path that can lead to addiction. Males are more likely than females to engage in risky behaviors that include experimenting with drugs of abuse, and in susceptible individuals, they are drawn into the spiral that can eventually lead to addiction. Women and girls are more likely to begin taking drugs as self-medication to reduce stress or alleviate depression. For this reason women enter into the downward spiral further along the path to addiction, and so transition to addiction more rapidly. We propose that this sex difference is due, at least in part, to sex differences in the organization of the neural systems responsible for motivation and addiction. Additionally, we suggest that sex differences in these systems and their functioning are accentuated with addiction. In the current review we discuss historical, cultural, social and biological bases for sex differences in addiction with an emphasis on sex differences in the neurotransmitter systems that are implicated.

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The Effects of Cocaine on Gonadal Steroid Hormones and LH in Male and Female Rhesus Monkeys

Cited by 24 publications

References 53 publications

Is there Epidemiological Evidence to Support the Idea that a Cocaine Dependence Syndrome Emerges Soon after Onset of Cocaine Use?

Is there Epidemiological Evidence to Support the Idea that a Cocaine Dependence Syndrome Emerges Soon after Onset of Cocaine Use?

Effects of Estradiol on Cocaine Self-Administration and Cocaine Discrimination by Female Rhesus Monkeys

Sex differences in the neural mechanisms mediating addiction: a new synthesis and hypothesis

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