The Effects of Cigarette Smoke-induced Biophysical ROS on Spermatozoa Heads and Telomere Shortening in Infertile Smokers: A Prospective Study

Abstract

According to a recent study, cigarette smoking affects sperm motility, morphology, and homeostasis by causing damage to the sperm head and tail. This is a common misconception. 12 Meanwhile, reproductive toxicants such as cadmium (Cd), lead, IntroductIonInfertility is a couple's inability to conceive a pregnancy after a year of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Furthermore, "male infertility" refers to the physical inability to produce healthy sperm and achieve pregnancy with a healthy female after 1 year of abstinence. 1 Male infertility is caused by a variety of factors. 2 According to previous reports, among all the smoking and smoking-related health issues, there is an alarmingly high suspicion regarding male infertility. 3 A total of 36.9% of the world's population is addicted to tobacco and tobacco-related cigarette components. According to research, smoking causes nearly 40-50% of respiratory and cardiac problems. 4 Meanwhile, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that smoking is responsible for 15-30% of all reproductive problems. 5,6 Cigarette smoking has now been identified as an attractive and intriguing habit in adolescents aged 15-19. Furthermore, the dominance of psychoactive drugs or the substantial presence of cigarette inhalation causes addiction. 7 According to new research, cigarette smoking is not the only cause of the progression of various cancers and cardiovascular and pulmonary damage. It also plays a role in fertility issues in men who smoke more [as measured by the smoking index (SI)]. [8][9][10] Cigarette smoke contains over 2000 chemicals, including 40 toxic metal substances, and smokers are exposed to smoke. 11