The effects of chlorides, hydrogen chloride, and sulfur dioxide in the oxidation of steels below deposits

Grabke, H. J.; Reese, E.; Spiegel, M.

doi:10.1016/0010-938x(95)00011-8

Cited by 454 publications

(367 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The strong acceleration of corrosion by HCl, KCl and NaCl has been attributed to alloy chlorination, e.g. by the ''chlorine cycle'' mechanism proposed by Grabke et al [30] and more recently by an electrochemical mechanism [15,16,20,31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclic Corrosion and Chlorination of an FeCrAl Alloy in the Presence of KCl

et al. 2015

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The KCl-induced corrosion of the FeCrAl alloy Kanthal Ò APMT in an O 2 ? N 2 ? H 2 O environment was studied at 600°C. The samples were pre-oxidized prior to exposure in order to investigate the protective nature of alumina scales in the present environment. The microstructure and composition of the corroded surface was investigated in detail. Corrosion started at flaws in the pre-formed a-alumina scales, i.e. a-alumina was protective in itself. Consequently, KCl-induced corrosion started locally and, subsequently, spread laterally. An electrochemical mechanism is proposed here by which a transition metal chloride forms in the alloy and K 2 CrO 4 forms at the scale/gas interface. Scale de-cohesion is attributed to the formation of a sub-scale transition metal chloride.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclic Corrosion and Chlorination of an FeCrAl Alloy in the Presence of KCl

et al. 2015

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“…Grabke et al [9] proposed that alkali chlorides ''catalyse'' corrosion in the following way: First, the chlorine-containing species react to form Cl 2 at the scale/ gas interface. Gaseous Cl 2 then penetrates the scale and reacts with the alloy substrate, forming chlorides.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is well known that the high-temperature corrosion of chromia-forming steels in an oxidising environment is accelerated by alkali chlorides and by high concentrations of water vapour [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. The accelerated effect of water vapour has been shown to be connected to chromia evaporation in the form of CrO 2 (OH) 2 [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The high corrosivity of alkali chlorides on stainless steel at elevated temperatures has been attributed to an ''active corrosion'' (chlorine cycle) mechanism [3][4][5][9][10][11][12] where alkali chlorides primarily are regarded as sources for molecular chlorine. However, recent reports show that the alkali cation also plays an important role in the corrosion attack [6,7,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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KCl-Induced Corrosion of the FeCrAl Alloy Kanthal ® AF at 600 °C and the Effect of H2O

et al. 2014

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The present study investigates the influence of H 2 O and KCl on the high-temperature corrosion of the FeCrAl alloy Kanthal Ò AF. Polished samples, with and without applied KCl, were exposed isothermally to O 2 or O 2 ? H 2 O at 600°C. The samples were investigated using TGA, XRD, SEM/EDX, AES and IC. It was found that KCl accelerates corrosion and that a rapidly growing iron, chromium-rich oxide forms in both environments. Chromate formation and alloy chlorination are shown to initiate the formation of non-protective oxide scales. In addition, aluminium nitrides form in the alloy substrate in both environments.

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“…A corresponding small increase in thickness of the metal oxide containing layer of the corrosion product -layer 2 ( Figure 18) also suggests that a significant proportion of the released HCl from the sulphation process (reaction 5) has contributed to corrosion. The generated HCl can dissociate into Cl2 (reaction 1) which can migrate to the corrosion front and induce chlorination of thermodynamically favourable alloying elements (reaction 7) [53][54][55][56]. Similarly, electrochemical migration of adsorbed Cl ions to the corrosion front [18,34,57] will give rise to chlorination of the most 27 favourable alloying element.…”

Section: Effect Of H2o Vapour Concentration In the Flue Gasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Water Vapor on High-Temperature Corrosion under Conditions Mimicking Biomass Firing

Okoro¹,

Montgomery²,

Frandsen³

et al. 2015

Energy Fuels

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The variable flue gas composition in biomass-fired plants, among other parameters, contributes to the complexity of high-temperature corrosion of materials. Systematic parameter studies are thus necessary to understand the underlying corrosion mechanisms. This paper investigates the effect of water (H 2 O) vapor content in the flue gas on the high-temperature corrosion of austenitic stainless steel (TP 347H FG) under laboratory conditions, to improve the understanding of corrosion mechanisms. Deposit-coated and deposit-free samples were isothermally exposed for 72 h in a synthetic flue gas atmosphere containing either 3 or 13 vol % H 2 O vapor. Comprehensive characterization of the corrosion products was carried out by the complementary use of microscopic, spectroscopic, and diffraction-based techniques. To evaluate the effect of the exposure time, results were compared to previous results with longer isothermal exposure over 168 h and indicated that the development of a Ni-rich layer as a result of selective attack was time-dependent. The increase in the water vapor decreased the measurable corrosion attack, and in addition, decreased sulfation was observed. Results from the current investigation and from previously reported findings suggest that an increase in the water vapor content will cause competitive adsorption on active sites.

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The effects of chlorides, hydrogen chloride, and sulfur dioxide in the oxidation of steels below deposits

Cited by 454 publications

References 15 publications

Cyclic Corrosion and Chlorination of an FeCrAl Alloy in the Presence of KCl

Cyclic Corrosion and Chlorination of an FeCrAl Alloy in the Presence of KCl

KCl-Induced Corrosion of the FeCrAl Alloy Kanthal ® AF at 600 °C and the Effect of H2O

Effect of Water Vapor on High-Temperature Corrosion under Conditions Mimicking Biomass Firing

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