The effects of carbon dioxide anesthesia and anoxia on rapid cold-hardening and chill coma recovery in Drosophila melanogaster

Nilson, Theresa L.; Sinclair, Brent J.; Roberts, Stephen P.

doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.07.001

Cited by 120 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Nilson et al, 2006;Ransberry et al, 2011). Recovery can be observed in any clear container; a convenient approach for smaller insects, such as Drosophila is to transfer the insect to 6-or 12-well cell culture plates, which allows multiple individuals to be observed simultaneously.…”

Section: Chill Coma Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

An invitation to measure insect cold tolerance: Methods, approaches, and workflow

Sinclair

Alvarado

Ferguson

2015

Journal of Thermal Biology

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Insect performance is limited by the temperature of the environment, and in temperate, polar, and alpine regions, the majority of insects must face the challenge of exposure to low temperatures. The physiological response to cold exposure shapes the ability of insects to survive and thrive in these environments, and can be measured, without great technical difficulty, for both basic and applied research. For example, understanding insect cold tolerance allows us to predict the establishment and spread of insect pests and biological control agents. Additionally, the discipline provides the tools for drawing physiological comparisons among groups in wider studies that may not be focused primarily on the ability of insects to survive the cold. Thus, the study of insect cold tolerance is of a broad interest, and several reviews have addressed the theories and advances in the field. Here, however, we aim to clarify and provide rationale for common practices used to study cold tolerance, as a starter's guide for newcomers to the field, students, and those wishing to incorporate cold tolerance into a broader study. We cover the 'tried and true' measures of insect cold tolerance, the equipment necessary for these measurement, and summarize the ecological and biological significance of each. Additionally, we provide a suggested framework and workflow for measuring cold tolerance and low temperature performance in insects.

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Section: Chill Coma Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

An invitation to measure insect cold tolerance: Methods, approaches, and workflow

Sinclair

Alvarado

Ferguson

2015

Journal of Thermal Biology

Self Cite

298

326

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Separation of sexes prior to assessment of thermal limits in Drosophila is usually done while flies are anaesthetized with CO 2 . As studies of the effects of CO 2 anaesthesia have shown physiological and phenotypic effects up until 24 h after exposure (Colinet and Renault, 2012b;Nilson et al, 2006), the consensus across Drosophila studies is to allow flies to recover for 2 days prior to testing, to ensure they are fully recovered. In accordance with this practice, all flies used for the long-term study were anaesthetized and separated shortly after emergence before transfer to the adult acclimation temperature and therefore given a minimum of 2 days to recover before the tolerance assessment.…”

Section: Heat and Cold Tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

Reversibility of developmental heat and cold plasticity is asymmetric and has long lasting consequences for adult thermal tolerance

Slotsbo

Schou

Kristensen

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The ability of insects to cope with stressful temperatures through adaptive plasticity has allowed them to thrive under a wide range of thermal conditions. Developmental plasticity is generally considered to be a non-reversible phenotypic change, e.g. in morphological traits, while adult acclimation responses are often considered to be reversible physiological responses. However, physiologically mediated thermal acclimation might not follow this general prediction. We investigated the magnitude and rate of reversibility of developmental thermal plasticity responses in heat and cold tolerance of adult flies, using a full factorial design with two developmental and two adult temperatures (15 and 25°C). We show that cold tolerance attained during development is readily adjusted to the prevailing conditions during adult acclimation, with a symmetric rate of decrease or increase. In contrast, heat tolerance is only partly reversible during acclimation and is thus constrained by the temperature during development. The effect of adult acclimation on heat tolerance was asymmetrical, with a general loss of heat tolerance with age. Surprisingly, the decline in adult heat tolerance at 25°C was decelerated in flies developed at low temperatures. This result was supported by correlated responses in two senescenceassociated traits and in accordance with a lower rate of ageing after low temperature development, suggesting that physiological age is not reset at eclosion. The results have profound ecological consequences for populations, as optimal developmental temperatures will be dependent on the thermal conditions faced in the adult stage and the age at which they occur.

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“…All experiments were initiated 6 h into the light cycle to minimize variation caused by circadian rhythm. Because long exposures to carbon dioxide anesthesia are known to affect cold tolerance (Nilson et al, 2006), we minimized the use of carbon dioxide anesthesia for sorting flies to less than 15 min.…”

Section: Fly Stocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality from desiccation contributes to a genotype-by-temperature interaction for cold survival inDrosophila melanogaster

Kobey

Montooth

2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYSurvival at cold temperatures is a complex trait, primarily because of the fact that the physiological cause of injury may differ across degrees of cold exposure experienced within the lifetime of an ectothermic individual. In order to better understand how chill-sensitive insects experience and adapt to low temperatures, we investigated the physiological basis for cold survival across a range of temperature exposures from −4 to 6°C in five genetic lines of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Genetic effects on cold survival were temperature dependent and resulted in a significant genotype-temperature interaction for survival across cold temperature exposures that differ by as little as 2°C. We investigated desiccation as a potential mechanism of injury across these temperature exposures. Flies were dehydrated following exposures near 6°C, whereas flies were not dehydrated following exposures near −4°C. Furthermore, decreasing humidity during cold exposure decreased survival, and increasing humidity during cold exposure increased survival at 6°C, but not at −4°C. These results support the conclusion that in D. melanogaster there are multiple physiological mechanisms of cold-induced mortality across relatively small differences in temperature, and that desiccation contributes to mortality for exposures near 6°C but not for subzero temperatures. Because D. melanogaster has recently expanded its range from tropical to temperate latitudes, the complex physiologies underlying cold tolerance are likely to be important traits in the recent evolutionary history of this fruit fly. Supplementary material available online at

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The effects of carbon dioxide anesthesia and anoxia on rapid cold-hardening and chill coma recovery in Drosophila melanogaster

Cited by 120 publications

References 35 publications

An invitation to measure insect cold tolerance: Methods, approaches, and workflow

An invitation to measure insect cold tolerance: Methods, approaches, and workflow

Reversibility of developmental heat and cold plasticity is asymmetric and has long lasting consequences for adult thermal tolerance

Mortality from desiccation contributes to a genotype-by-temperature interaction for cold survival inDrosophila melanogaster

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