“… Figure 2 A simplified scheme depicting proinflammatory mechanisms of heavy metals. Briefly, heavy metal exposure results in increased ROS production and oxidative stress that latter may underlie heavy metal-induced activation of proinflammatory pathways NF-kB and MAPK with subsequent expression of target proinflammatory genes including cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, and adhesion molecules ( Metryka et al, 2018 ; Pollard et al, 2019 ; Hossein-Khannazer et al, 2020 ; Hu et al, 2020 ). …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The immunotoxic effect of Cd exposure is also associated with development of aberrant inflammatory response due to altered cytokine expression profile ( Hossein-Khannazer et al, 2020 ). Earlier data have demonstrated that adult female zebrafish exposed to 1 mg L−1 Cd for 24 or 96 hours led to an increase in the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the brain, liver and ovary, as well as increase in mRNA levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the liver and ovary in the first evaluation time ( Zheng et al 2016 ).…”
Multiple medical, lifestyle, and environmental conditions, including smoking and particulate pollution, have been considered as risk factors for
CO
rona
VI
rus
D
isease 2019 (COVID-19) susceptibility and severity. Taking into account the high level of toxic metals in both particulate matter (PM2.5) and tobacco smoke, the objective of this review is to discuss recent data on the role of heavy metal exposure in development of respiratory dysfunction, immunotoxicity, and severity of viral diseases in epidemiological and experimental studies, as to demonstrate the potential crossroads between heavy metal exposure and COVID-19 severity risk. The existing data demonstrate that As, Cd, Hg, and Pb exposure is associated with respiratory dysfunction and respiratory diseases (COPD, bronchitis). These observations corroborate laboratory findings on the role of heavy metal exposure in impaired mucociliary clearance, reduced barrier function, airway inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. The association between heavy metal exposure and severity of viral diseases, including influenza and respiratory syncytial virus has been also demonstrated. The latter may be considered a consequence of adverse effects of metal exposure on adaptive immunity. Therefore, reduction of toxic metal exposure may be considered as a potential tool for reducing susceptibility and severity of viral diseases affecting the respiratory system, including COVID-19.
“… Figure 2 A simplified scheme depicting proinflammatory mechanisms of heavy metals. Briefly, heavy metal exposure results in increased ROS production and oxidative stress that latter may underlie heavy metal-induced activation of proinflammatory pathways NF-kB and MAPK with subsequent expression of target proinflammatory genes including cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, and adhesion molecules ( Metryka et al, 2018 ; Pollard et al, 2019 ; Hossein-Khannazer et al, 2020 ; Hu et al, 2020 ). …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The immunotoxic effect of Cd exposure is also associated with development of aberrant inflammatory response due to altered cytokine expression profile ( Hossein-Khannazer et al, 2020 ). Earlier data have demonstrated that adult female zebrafish exposed to 1 mg L−1 Cd for 24 or 96 hours led to an increase in the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the brain, liver and ovary, as well as increase in mRNA levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the liver and ovary in the first evaluation time ( Zheng et al 2016 ).…”
Multiple medical, lifestyle, and environmental conditions, including smoking and particulate pollution, have been considered as risk factors for
CO
rona
VI
rus
D
isease 2019 (COVID-19) susceptibility and severity. Taking into account the high level of toxic metals in both particulate matter (PM2.5) and tobacco smoke, the objective of this review is to discuss recent data on the role of heavy metal exposure in development of respiratory dysfunction, immunotoxicity, and severity of viral diseases in epidemiological and experimental studies, as to demonstrate the potential crossroads between heavy metal exposure and COVID-19 severity risk. The existing data demonstrate that As, Cd, Hg, and Pb exposure is associated with respiratory dysfunction and respiratory diseases (COPD, bronchitis). These observations corroborate laboratory findings on the role of heavy metal exposure in impaired mucociliary clearance, reduced barrier function, airway inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. The association between heavy metal exposure and severity of viral diseases, including influenza and respiratory syncytial virus has been also demonstrated. The latter may be considered a consequence of adverse effects of metal exposure on adaptive immunity. Therefore, reduction of toxic metal exposure may be considered as a potential tool for reducing susceptibility and severity of viral diseases affecting the respiratory system, including COVID-19.
“…Moreover, epidemiological studies of co-exposure to Cd and Pb have shown that each metal enhances the nephrotoxicity of the other. Furthermore, Cd is also involved in the modulation of inflammatory responses [15], including those in the gastrointestinal tract [16]. Perinatal and early-life exposure to Cd has been linked to poor birth outcomes and adverse effects on the child's neurodevelopmental and metabolic functions [17].…”
Toxic metals (such as lead, cadmium, and, to a lesser extent, aluminum) are detrimental to health when ingested in food or water or when inhaled. By interacting with heavy metals, gut and food-derived microbes can actively and/or passively modulate (by adsorption and/or sequestration) the bioavailability of these toxins inside the gut. This “intestinal bioremediation” involves the selection of safe microbes specifically able to immobilize metals. We used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to investigate the in vitro ability of 225 bacteria to remove the potentially harmful trace elements lead, cadmium, and aluminum. Interspecies and intraspecies comparisons were performed among the Firmicutes (mostly lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillus spp., with some Lactococcus, Pediococcus, and Carnobacterium representatives), Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. The removal of a mixture of lead and cadmium was also investigated. Although the objective of the study was not to elucidate the mechanisms of heavy metal removal for each strain and each metal, we nevertheless identified promising candidate bacteria as probiotics for the intestinal bioremediation of Pb(II) and Cd(II).
“…Increased emissions of the metal in the environment and its non-biodegradability have increased the risk of human exposure. The main routes of Cd exposure are by ingestion and inhalation due to their presence in food, air, dairy products and tobacco leaves [ [3] , [4] , [5] , [6] ]. Efforts have been made to understand the exact mechanisms of toxicity of Cd and available body of knowledge suggests oxidative stress as one of the critical mechanism of toxicity of this metal, albeit the metal is a Fenton’s metal [ [6] , [7] , [8] ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The main routes of Cd exposure are by ingestion and inhalation due to their presence in food, air, dairy products and tobacco leaves [ [3] , [4] , [5] , [6] ]. Efforts have been made to understand the exact mechanisms of toxicity of Cd and available body of knowledge suggests oxidative stress as one of the critical mechanism of toxicity of this metal, albeit the metal is a Fenton’s metal [ [6] , [7] , [8] ]. Other possible mechanisms of toxicity include binding to oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur ligands, which may affect numerous enzymes and proteins; interaction with bio-elements; inhibition of apoptosis and changes in DNA structure and the inhibition of damaged DNA repair, which may lead to aberrant gene expression [ 2 , 9 , 10 ].…”
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