The effects of branched-chain amino acid interactions on growth performance, blood metabolites, enzyme kinetics and transcriptomics in weaned pigs

Wiltafsky, Markus; Pfaffl, Michael W.; Roth, F. X.

doi:10.1017/s0007114509992212

Cited by 117 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Wiltafsky et al (2010) found that an imbalanced feed caused by excess Leu resulted in a depressed ADFI, which is consistent with the present results. The deleterious effect of excess Leu content on feed intake and growth was greatest at the lowest Val concentration, which is a finding previously documented (Wiltafsky et al, 2010;Gloaguen et al, 2011;Millet et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The resultant increased oxidation of Val causes deficiency in these amino acids, which results in a performance depressing effect (Smith and Austic, 1978). Third, high plasma Leu levels indicate to the organism that protein intake was sufficient and that intake of feed can be stopped (Wiltafsky et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Attempts have been made in the past to determine Val responses in weaned piglets (Wiltafsky et al, 2010;Gaines et al, 2011;Nemechek et al, 2014) and finishing pigs (Lewis and Nishimura, 1995;Barea et al, 2009;Liu et al, 2015). Many of these experiments have aimed to determine the optimal Val : Lys ratio, whereas others have addressed the issue of the effect of an imbalance between branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) on feed intake and growth (Edmonds and Baker, 1987;Gatnau et al, 1995;Langer and Fuller, 2000;Peganova and Eder, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The response of weaned piglets to dietary valine and leucine

Meyer

Rensburg

Gous

2017

Animal

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Valine (Val) is considered to be the fifth-limiting amino acid in a maize-soyabean meal diet for pigs. Excess leucine (Leu) levels often occur in commercial diets, which may attenuate the effect of Val deficiency because of an increased oxidation of Val. The objective of the present experiment was to determine the effect of increasing concentrations of Leu on the response of young piglets to dietary Val. In all, 75 Large White × Landrace entire male pigs, 44 days of age and with a mean starting weight of 13.5 kg, were used. Three of these were sacrificed at the start to determine their mean initial chemical composition. A summit feed first limiting in Val was serially diluted with a non-protein diluent to produce a series of five digestible Val concentrations of 11.9, 10.1, 8.3, 6.6 and 4.8 g/kg, with a sixth treatment being added to test that the feeds were limiting in Val. Three identical Val series, each with six levels of Val, were supplemented with increasing amounts of Leu (23, 45 and 67 g/kg), thus 18 treatments in total. All pigs were killed at the end of the trial after 18 days for analysis of water, protein, lipid and ash in the carcass. The levels of Val and Leu and their interaction significantly influenced all the measurements taken in the trial. Daily gain in liveweight, water and protein, and feed conversion efficiency all increased with dietary Val content, whereas feed intake decreased as both Val and Leu contents increased. The deleterious effect of increased Leu on feed intake and growth was more marked at lower levels of Val. Supplementing the feed with the lowest Val content with additional Val largely overcame the effect of excess Leu. The efficiency of utilisation of Val for protein growth was unaffected by the level of Leu in the feed, the primary response to excess Leu being a reduction in feed intake. An intake of around 9 g Val/day yielded maximal protein growth during the period from 44 to 62 days of age in pigs of the genotype used in this trial.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The response of weaned piglets to dietary valine and leucine

Meyer

Rensburg

Gous

2017

Animal

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“…The regulation of this complex determines BCAA homeostasis and is assumed to be the rate-limiting step of BCAA catabolism (Matthews et al, 1981). An increased supply of Leu is known to stimulate the activity of the enzyme complex and may therefore increase the catabolism of Val and Ile (Wiltafsky et al, 2010) and thus their requirements. This may explain why the addition of Val and Ile can overcome the growth-depressing effects of excessive Leu (Spolter and Harper, 1961).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of piglets to the valine content in diet in combination with the supply of other branched-chain amino acids

Gloaguen

Floc'H

Brossard

et al. 2011

Animal

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The branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) valine (Val) and isoleucine (Ile) are considered to be among the next-limiting amino acids for growth in piglets. In earlier studies, we estimated the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Val : Lys (lysine) requirement to be at least 70%, whereas the Ile : Lys requirement may be as low as 50%. Because the BCAA partially share a common route of catabolism, the supply of one BCAA may affect the availability of the other BCAA. Four experiments were conducted to determine the response of 6-week-old piglets to the Val supply in relation to the other BCAA. A deficient supply of Val or Ile typically results in a reduction in average daily feed intake (ADFI). Experiment 1 was designed to determine the effect of a limiting Val supply, independent of the effect on feed intake. In a dose-response study using restrictively fed piglets, nitrogen retention did not increase for an SID Val : Lys supply greater than 64%. In the remaining experiments, piglets were offered feed ad libitum using ADFI, average daily gain (ADG) and gain-to-feed ratio as response criteria. The interaction between the Val and leucine (Leu) was studied in Experiment 2 in a 2 3 2 factorial design (60% and 70% SID Val : Lys, and 111% and 165% SID Leu : Lys). Performance was considerably lower in piglets receiving 60% Val : Lys compared with those receiving 70% Val : Lys and was lowest in piglets receiving the diet with low Val and high Leu content. To further evaluate the interaction between Val and Leu, a dose-response study was carried out in which the response to Val supply was studied in combination with high Leu supply (165% Leu : Lys). Using a curvilinear-plateau model, the average SID Val : Lys requirement was 72%. However, low Val supply (60% SID Val : Lys) reduced performance by 13% to 38%, which was much greater than what we observed in earlier studies. Experiment 4 was carried out to test the hypothesis that the Val requirement is not affected by low Ile supply (50% SID Ile : Lys). Performance was not improved for Val : Lys supplies greater than 65%, which may indicate that Ile (and not Lys) was second-limiting in this study. In conclusion, the first response of piglets to deficient Val supply appears to be a reduction in ADFI, rather than a reduction in ADG or nitrogen retention. A large supply of Leu may not affect the Val requirement per se, but may aggravate the consequences of Val deficiency.

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“…The first two steps of the catabolism of Ile, Val and Leu are catalyzed by enzymes or enzyme complexes that are common for these three branched-chain AA, and an excess supply of any of these AA may stimulate the catabolism of the other AA (Harper et al, 1984). Wiltafsky et al (2010) showed that ADFI and ADG of pigs were reduced when a diet marginally deficient in Ile was supplemented with an excess supply of Leu or Leu 1 Val. Similar results were observed by Langer and Fuller (2000).…”

Section: Response Of Pigs To Isoleucinementioning

confidence: 99%

Meta-analysis of the response of growing pigs to the isoleucine concentration in the diet

Milgen

Gloaguen

Floc'H

et al. 2012

animal

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The efficiency of nitrogen utilization will be highest when the amino acid (AA) supply approaches the requirement of the animal. With the availability of different crystalline AA, it is theoretically possible to formulate low-protein diets for growing pigs in which seven AA are co-limiting for performance. In such a diet, the concentration of Lys, Met, Met 1 Cys, Thr, Trp and Val and a seventh AA would exactly match the requirement. To determine the extent to which low-protein diets can be used, it is important to have reliable information about the requirements for these AA. Isoleucine is often considered the seventh-limiting AA in diets for growing pigs; however, information about the Ile requirement is limited and sometimes conflicting. The purpose of this study was to carry out a meta-analysis of the available literature information to determine the Ile requirement in growing pigs. A total of 46 Ile dose-response experiments were identified that used at least four concentrations of Ile in the diet. Because of differences in experimental design, both the Ile concentration and the response criteria were standardized. In 13 dose-response experiments, there was no indication of a response to an increasing Ile concentration. For the other 33 experiments, a response to the increasing Ile concentration was observed and the Ile requirement estimates ranged from 53% to 114% of that of the National Research Council (1998). An Ile concentration below the requirement resulted in important reductions in both feed intake and growth. A 10% reduction in the Ile concentration (below the requirement) resulted in a 15% reduction in feed intake and a 21% reduction in daily gain. The use of blood products in the diet was the main factor determining whether a response to the Ile concentration was observed or not. Blood meal and blood cells are protein sources with a very low Ile concentration, but with high or very high concentrations of Leu, Val, Phe and His. Some of these AA compete with Ile for catabolic pathways or transport across the blood-brain barrier, thereby potentially increasing the requirement for Ile. In diets without blood products, the Ile requirement appears to be lower than the currently recommended requirement. On the basis of the outcome of this study, we recommend a Ile : Lys requirement ratio of at least 50% on a standardized ileal digestible basis.

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The effects of branched-chain amino acid interactions on growth performance, blood metabolites, enzyme kinetics and transcriptomics in weaned pigs

Cited by 117 publications

References 41 publications

The response of weaned piglets to dietary valine and leucine

The response of weaned piglets to dietary valine and leucine

Response of piglets to the valine content in diet in combination with the supply of other branched-chain amino acids

Meta-analysis of the response of growing pigs to the isoleucine concentration in the diet

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