The effects of body fat on pulmonary function and gas exchange in cynomolgus monkeys

Young, Simon S.; Skeans, Susan; Austin, Trevor; Chapman, Richard W.

doi:10.1016/s1094-5539(03)00073-7

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Barometric pressure was recorded daily. Venous admixture was calculated from the modified shunt equation, as previously described [25]. After collection of the arterial blood sample, FRC was measured using the method of helium dilution, as previously described [25].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Venous admixture was calculated from the modified shunt equation, as previously described [25]. After collection of the arterial blood sample, FRC was measured using the method of helium dilution, as previously described [25]. Briefly, the endotracheal tube was disconnected from the Flexivent respirator, a gas syringe containing 44 ml of a 10% helium/90% nitrogen mixture was attached to the end of the endotracheal tube and the gas mixture was rapidly equilibrated with the air in the lungs by expelling from the syringe and retrieving it several times.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Briefly, the endotracheal tube was disconnected from the Flexivent respirator, a gas syringe containing 44 ml of a 10% helium/90% nitrogen mixture was attached to the end of the endotracheal tube and the gas mixture was rapidly equilibrated with the air in the lungs by expelling from the syringe and retrieving it several times. The concentration of helium in the equilibrated gas was determined using a mass spectrometer and the FRC was calculated using the standard helium dilution equation [25]. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, the measurement of functional residual capacity (FRC) measured by helium dilution is another technique that can be used to assess the degree of airway closure. This technique measures the dilution of helium gas after its inhalation from FRC and, as such, only measures the volume of air that is in free communication with the airways [25]. It does not measure the volume of air that is trapped beyond occluded airways.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It does not measure the volume of air that is trapped beyond occluded airways. In this regard, FRC was found to be significantly lower in obese cynomolgus monkeys, and these lower FRCs correlated significantly with increased shunt fraction and reduced PaO 2 during 100% O 2 ventilation [25]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Airway Closure after Antigen Challenge in Cynomolgus Monkeys: Effect of the Histamine H<sub>1</sub> Receptor Antagonist, Chlorpheniramine Maleate

Skeans¹,

Lamca²,

House³

et al. 2005

Int Arch Allergy Immunol

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Background: Airway closure is frequently observed in human asthma. However, limited information exists on the factors that cause this condition. In this study, an allergic cynomolgus monkey model was used to characterize the condition of airway closure and assess the contribution of histamine H₁ receptors to this response. Methods: Oscillatory lung mechanics, arterial blood gases during ventilation on 100% O₂ and functional residual capacity (FRC) assessed by helium dilution were measured before and then 10 min and 24 h after Ascaris aerosol challenge in 12 male Ascaris-sensitive cynomolgus monkeys. The monkeys were pretreated with intravenous saline or chlorpheniramine maleate (0.3 mg/kg) in a randomized crossover design. Results: Ascaris challenge produced a large increase in airway resistance, an increase in lung tissue damping (G) that measures ventilation inhomogeneity in the lung, a reduction in arterial oxygen tension (PaO₂) during ventilation on 100% O₂ and a reduction in FRC. These effects were seen 10 min after the Ascaris challenge, but by 24 h, these parameters had returned close to the baseline values. Chlorpheniramine maleate (0.3 mg/kg, i.v.) produced a 12-fold shift in the histamine bronchoconstrictor dose-response curve. Pretreatment of monkeys with chlorpheniramine maleate (0.3 mg/kg, i.v.) attenuated the increase in airway resistance induced by Ascaris challenge, but had only a small effect on the increase in G and the reductions in PaO₂ and FRC after antigen. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that airway closure occurs immediately after the antigen challenge in allergic cynomolgus monkeys and that histamine H₁ receptors contribute very minimally to this response.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Airway Closure after Antigen Challenge in Cynomolgus Monkeys: Effect of the Histamine H<sub>1</sub> Receptor Antagonist, Chlorpheniramine Maleate

Skeans¹,

Lamca²,

House³

et al. 2005

Int Arch Allergy Immunol

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Validation and utility of a body condition scoring system for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Reamer

Webb

Jones³

et al. 2020

American J Primatol

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Obesity is a problem in captive chimpanzee colonies that can lead to increased risk for disease; therefore, implementation of effective weight management strategies is imperative. To properly implement a weight management program, captive managers should be able to noninvasively identify and assess overweight or obese individuals. Traditional means of categorizing obese individuals involve sedating the animals to obtain body weights or skin fold measurements. The current study aimed to validate a noninvasive, subjective body condition score (BCS) system for captive chimpanzees. The system utilizes a 10-point scale, with one rated as "emaciated," five as "normal," and 10 as "extremely obese." Between 2013 and 2014, 158 chimpanzees were weighed and scored using this system (a) while sedated and (b) while awake in their social group within 1-3 days of sedation ("In-group" ratings). We found high inter-rater reliability between In-group raters, as well as between sedated and In-group scores. BCSs, which require observation only, were significantly positively correlated with weight (an objective measure of obesity often requiring anesthetization), supporting the scale's validity. The BCS system identified 36 individuals as "overweight," while the use of weights alone identified only 26 individuals as "overweight." Furthermore, the BCS system was able to classify individuals of the same sex and weight as having different BCSs, ranging from normal to overweight. Lastly, using focal animal behavioral observations from 2016 to 2018 (N = 120), we found that In-group BCS predicted individual levels of inactive behavior more than 2 years later, demonstrating the predictive validity of the scale. These results illustrate the utility of the BCS system as a noninvasive, reliable, and valid technique that may be more sensitive than traditional methods in identifying and quantifying obesity in chimpanzees. This system can be a useful tool for captive managers to monitor and manage the weight of chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates.

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Visually assessed body condition shows high heritability in a pedigreed great ape population

Torfs

Eens

Laméris

et al. 2023

American J Primatol

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Body condition, a measure for relative fat mass, is associated with primate health, fitness, and overall welfare. Body condition is often influenced by dietary factors, age, and/or sex, but several body condition measures (body weight, weight‐to‐height ratios, and so on) also show high heritability across primate species, indicating a role of genetic effects. Although different measures for body condition exist, many require direct handling of animals, which is invasive, time‐consuming, and expensive, making them impractical in wild and captive settings. Therefore, noninvasive visual body condition score (BCS) systems were developed for various animal species, including macaques and chimpanzees, to visually assess relative fat mass. Here we evaluate the utility of a visual BCS system in bonobos by assessing (1) inter‐rater reliability, (2) links with body mass, a traditional hands‐on measure of condition, and (3) the factors driving individual variation in BCS. We adapted the chimpanzee BCS system to rate 76 bonobos in 11 European zoos (92% of the adult population). Inter‐rater reliability was high (s* = 0.948), BCSs were positively associated with body mass (β = 0.075) and not predicted by diet, sex, or age, nor were they associated with a higher abundance of obesity‐related diseases. Instead, BCSs showed high levels of heritability (h2 = 0.637), indicating that a majority of body condition variation in bonobos is attributable to genetic similarity of the individuals. This is in line with reported h2‐values for traditional body condition measures in primates and provides support for the reliability of visual BCS systems in great apes. The results of this study emphasize an often unanticipated role of genetics in determining primate body fat and health that has implications for the management of captive primates. Application of this tool in wild populations would aid to unravel environmental from genetic drivers of body condition variation in primates.

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The effects of body fat on pulmonary function and gas exchange in cynomolgus monkeys

Cited by 13 publications

References 15 publications

Airway Closure after Antigen Challenge in Cynomolgus Monkeys: Effect of the Histamine H<sub>1</sub> Receptor Antagonist, Chlorpheniramine Maleate

Airway Closure after Antigen Challenge in Cynomolgus Monkeys: Effect of the Histamine H<sub>1</sub> Receptor Antagonist, Chlorpheniramine Maleate

Validation and utility of a body condition scoring system for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Visually assessed body condition shows high heritability in a pedigreed great ape population

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