The Effects of Black Raspberry as a Whole Food–Based Approach on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Buccal Cells and Urine of Smokers
Kun-Ming Chen,
Yuan-Wan Sun,
Nicolle M. Krebs
et al.
Abstract:Cigarette smoke is a rich source of free radicals that can promote oxidative stress and carcinogenesis including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) development; importantly, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-isoprostane) are biomarkers of oxidative stress. Several mechanisms including the antioxidant properties of black raspberry (BRB) account for their chemopreventive effects. In the present clinical trial, we tested the hypothesis that BRB administration … Show more
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