The effects of biocidal treatments on metabolism in soil—V

Jenkinson, D. S.; Powlson, D. S.

doi:10.1016/0038-0717(76)90005-5

Cited by 2,221 publications

(826 citation statements)

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“…After the last gas exchange measurements, the hand-sorted and well mixed soil was sampled and analyzed for NH + 4 , NO − 3 , dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (C MIC ), and microbial biomass nitrogen (N MIC ) following standard extraction and fumigation-extraction procedures (Jenkinson and Powlson, 1976; Vance et al, 1987; Rinnan et al, 2008). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Off-season biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from heath mesocosms: responses to vegetation cutting

et al. 2013

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Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) affect both atmospheric processes and ecological interactions. Our primary aim was to differentiate between BVOC emissions from above- and belowground plant parts and heath soil outside the growing season. The second aim was to assess emissions from herbivory, mimicked by cutting the plants. Mesocosms from a temperate Deschampsia flexuosa-dominated heath ecosystem and a subarctic mixed heath ecosystem were either left intact, the aboveground vegetation was cut, or all plant parts (including roots) were removed. For 3–5 weeks, BVOC emissions were measured in growth chambers by an enclosure method using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. CO2 exchange, soil microbial biomass, and soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations were also analyzed. Vegetation cutting increased BVOC emissions by more than 20-fold, and the induced compounds were mainly eight-carbon compounds and sesquiterpenes. In the Deschampsia heath, the overall low BVOC emissions originated mainly from soil. In the mixed heath, root, and soil emissions were negligible. Net BVOC emissions from roots and soil of these well-drained heaths do not significantly contribute to ecosystem emissions, at least outside the growing season. If insect outbreaks become more frequent with climate change, ecosystem BVOC emissions will periodically increase due to herbivory.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Off-season biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from heath mesocosms: responses to vegetation cutting

et al. 2013

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“…Jenkinson suggested that the chloroform fumigation incubation (CFI) method should not be used for soils with higher (C F -C C )/(N F -N C ) ratios than 7.5. However, unamended soils often exhibit (C F -C C )/(N F -N C ) ratios greater than the limit suggested by Jenkinson (1988) and we have frequently observed net N immobilization after fumigation. Jenkinson (1976) and Voroney (1983) showed that when organisms added to soil had a C:N ratio of about 10 no net mineralization of biomass N was observed during the 10-d incubation following fumigation.…”

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confidence: 42%

“…The higher biomass N values obtained by the second method, where a "control correction" is made, are expected because the ratio of C to N mineralization in unfumigated soil is generally wider than that in fumigated soil (Ayanaba et al 1976;Sparling and Zhu 1993). This means that the errors arising from the contribution of N mineralized from non-biomass material (N C q) in the fumigated sample are small compared to those arising from C mineralization (C C p) (Jenkinson 1988). The choice of an appropriate correction for C mineralization has remained controversial (Smith et al 1996;Horwath et al 1996;Wu et al 1996) and has been an important factor favoring the widespread use of CFE.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In fumigation-incubation, N mineralized to ammonium in a 10-d incubation following chloroform fumigation is measured (Jenkinson and Powlson 1976;Shen et al 1984). In fumigation-extraction (Brookes et al 1985), the materials released by fumigation are immediately extracted in K 2 SO 4 solution.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It, and thus k N , depend on the C and N contents of pre-and post-fumigation biomass and on the growth yield of the post-fumigation biomass. Jenkinson (1988) considered that the C:N ratio of the microbial biomass in soils with no recent additions of high C:N ratio plant material was relatively constant. From data in the literature, after discarding acid soils and some others, he obtained a ratio of 5.3 for (C F -C C )/(N F -N C ) and calculated a k N as 0.57; this corresponds to a biomass C:N ratio of 6.7.…”

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Measurement of microbial biomass N:C by chloroform fumigation-incubation

Harris¹,

Voroney²,

Paul³

1997

Can. J. Soil. Sci.

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. 1997. Measurement of microbial biomass N:C by chloroform fumigation-incubation. Can. J. Soil Sci. 77: 507-514. We present a calculation for soil microbial biomass N:C ratio determined from a 10-d incubation following chloroform fumigation. The calculation is based on a mathematical model of the N content of the pre-and post-fumigation soil microbial biomass and the growth yield of the biomass that develops after fumigation. Biomass N is calculated from the N:C ratio and biomass C. The mineralization of bacteria and fungi, with different N contents, added to fumigated soils was used to establish the model parameters. The model was tested against an independent set of measurements and considers two assumptions: 1) The ratio of N:C mineralized from killed biomass is equal to the ratio of N:C mineralized from soil nonbiomass constituents. 2) More realistically, the N and C mineralization in the fumigated soil, from sources other than killed biomass, is a residual fraction of the N and C mineralization in the unfumigated soil. Biomass C:N ratios calculated without a control correction (assumption 1) were, on average, 20% wider than corrected values (assumption 2). Biomass N calculated as the product of N:C and biomass C was compared with published values for several data sets. The new calculation method was robust even when net immobilization of N followed fumigation.Key words: Soil microbial biomass, nitrogen, chloroform fumigation, C:N ratio Harris, D., Voroney, R. P. and Paul, E. A. 1997. Mesure du rapport N:C de la biomasse microbienne par fumigation au chloroforme et incubation. Can. J. Soil Sci. 77: 507-514. Nous présentons une formule de calcul de rapport N:C de la biomasse microbienne (BM) du sol après fumigation au chloroforme suivie d'une période d'incubation de 10 jours. Les calculs sont basés sur un modèle mathématique de la teneur en N de la BM avant et après la fumigation et de l'accroissement de la BM observé après la fumigation. Le N de la BM est calculé à partir du rapport N:C et du C de la biomasse. La minéralisation des bactéries et des champignons microscopiques, de teneurs azotées différentes, incorporés aux sols fumigés est utilisée pour établir les paramètres du modèle. Le modèle, testé sur un ensemble indépendant de mesures, examine deux hypothèses : 1) le rapport N:C minéralisé à partir de la biomasse tuée est égale à celui obtenu pour les composantes du sol autre que la biomasse et 2) de façon plus réaliste, la minéralisation de N et de C dans le sol fumigé, à partir de matières autres que la biomasse est une fraction résiduelle de celle mesurfée dans le sol fumigé. Les rapports C:N de la biomasse microbienne calculés sans correction (hypothèse 1 temoins) étaient en moyenne 20 % plus larges que les valeurs corrigées (hypothèse 2). Le N de biomasse microbienne calculé comme étant le produit de N:C et du C de la biomasse est comparé aux valeurs publiées pour plusieurs ensemble de données. Il appert que la nouvelle méthode de calcul est valable même lorsque la fumigation est suivie d'une immo...

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Evidence for the enhanced biodegradation of ethoprophos and carbofuran in soils from Greece and the UK

Karpouzas¹,

Walker²,

Froud-Williams

et al. 1999

Pestic. Sci.

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: Degradation of carbofuran in a topsoil sample from a previously untreated üeld site in the UK was characterized by a short lag period followed by rapid degradation. Carbofuran added subsequently to the same soil degraded rapidly without the lag period. In a subsoil sample from the same site, the ürst application of carbofuran degraded only slowly but degradation rate increased with subsequent treatments and the third dose degraded as rapidly as in the pre-treated topsoil. In similar experiments with ethoprophos, degradation was quite slow and enhanced degradation of subsequent additions of ethoprophos was not observed. A single application of carbofuran in the üeld in the UK activated soils for rapid biodegradation of the insecticide for at least the subsequent four years. In contrast, in soils from Greece, enhanced degradation was evident six and 18 months after the last carbofuran treatment in the üeld, but not after three years. Fifty per cent of ethoprophos applied to soils from Greece previously treated with the nematicide was lost within approximately four days, compared with 38 days in a similar, but previously untreated, soil. Very rapid degradation of ethoprophos and carbofuran was observed in soil samples from Greece which had been treated annually with ethoprophos for the last 30 years but with no previous applications of carbofuran. Annual use of the thiocarbamate herbicide EPTC in the same üeld may have resulted in cross-activation for rapid biodegradation of carbofuran. Very slow degradation of both carbofuran and ethoprophos was observed in soil samples with a history of combined applications of the two pesticides, probably because of their low pH. Fumigation of soil with chloroform, or treatment with the antibacterial antibiotic chloramphenicol, inhibited ethoprophos degradation in a soil where rapid rates of loss had previously been induced, but the antifungal antibiotic cycloheximide had no eþ ect on degradation rate.

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The effects of biocidal treatments on metabolism in soil—V

Cited by 2,221 publications

References 10 publications

Off-season biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from heath mesocosms: responses to vegetation cutting

Off-season biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from heath mesocosms: responses to vegetation cutting

Measurement of microbial biomass N:C by chloroform fumigation-incubation

Evidence for the enhanced biodegradation of ethoprophos and carbofuran in soils from Greece and the UK

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